| |
|
|
|
|
 |
APPENDIX
A — EXAMPLE LANDFILL COST
ESTIMATES
EXAMPLE
A — 100 TPY NATURAL ATTENUATION LANDFILL
Assumptions
At
100 tonnes/year, the landfill is classified as a modified
sanitary landfill in the MELP Landfill Criteria. Leachate
generated at the site is assumed to be naturally attenuated,
therefore no leachate collection or treatment works are
required. Further, gas management and a weigh scale are
not required. The trench fill method is assumed. Assuming
a 30 year operating life, constant discharge rate during
operating life, that cover material constitutes an additional
20% of the waste by weight, and a density of compacted
waste of 0.45 tonnes/m3, the total volume required is 8,000
m3. Assuming a fill depth of 6.5 metres, the land area
required is approximately 2.1 ha.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Site
Survey and Mapping: |
$ |
3,000 |
| 2) |
Hydrogeological
Monitoring - Two wells @ $10,000, and $5,000 for
monitoring and interpretation: |
$ |
25,000 |
| 3) |
Land
Acquisition - 2.1 hectares, at $25,000/ha: |
$ |
52,500 |
| 4) |
Site
Preparation - Clearing, grubbing, and rough grading
of full area only: |
$ |
600 |
| 5) |
Access
Road - Assume 1.5 km of road, 8m wide, upgraded by
adding 150 mm of crushed gravel; 12,000 m2 @
$8.00/m2: |
$ |
96,000 |
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate, and Signs - Around perimeter of site, 577 m @ $35/m,
and $200 for signs:
NOTE:
The fencing component of capital costs for all landfill
cost estimates in this appendix does not include
provision for electric predator/bear-proof
fencing. An additional cost of approximately $12-$15
per metre of fenced perimeter should be added to
allow for this option. |
$ |
20,400 |
| 7) |
Drainage
Control - Assume drainage ditch on two sides of landfill
perimeter,
88.5 m of ditch, at $10/m: |
$ |
900 |
| 8) |
Equipment
- Included as operating cost: |
$ |
n/a |
| 9) |
Equipment
Storage Facility - Two-bay building with concrete floor.
100 m2, at $600.00/m2: |
$ |
60,000
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$ |
253,400
25,300
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15%
|
$ |
278,700
42,600
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$ |
326,800 |
Capital payback at 8% over ten years: $48,700/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Staffing
and Equipment - Compaction and cover: one hour per
day, three days a week; bulldozer at $90/hr: $14,000/yr;
Inspection and maintenance: six hours per week, at $20/hr:
$6,200/yr: |
|
|
| |
Total: |
$ |
20,200/yr |
| 2) |
Cover
Materials - As in Example A: |
$ |
200/yr |
| 3) |
Environmental
Monitoring Program - For engineered site: |
$ |
4,000/yr |
| 4) |
Annual
Report: |
$ |
5,000/yr |
| 5) |
Litter
Control Fencing - At active face only:
|
$ |
300/yr |
| 6) |
Closure
Fund - Require 1925 m2 of top liner, final
grading, cover, topsoil, and seeding, at $30/m2,
which is $58,000 in 1994 dollars. Assume this expenditure
will be made 30 years hence, in the year 2024. Assume
an annual interest rate of 8%. The annual contribution
required to a sinking fund is 0.009 x $58,000, or: |
$ |
500/yr
|
| 7) |
Post
Closure Fund - Need to make an annual expenditure for
20 years after closure, i.e. from the year 2024 to
2044. These annual costs, in 1994 dollars, will be
about $5,000/yr, for monitoring and repair of settlement
and cover. The present worth of $5,000/yr
over 20 years at 8% interest is 9.818 x $5,000, or
$49,000. The annual contribution in 1994 $s required
to have this lump sum available in 2024, at 8% annual
interest, is 0.009 x $49,000, or: |
$ |
400/yr
|
| 8) |
General
Site Maintenance - Building, pavement, and services: |
$ |
400/yr
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Administrative Allowance - 10% |
$
$
|
31,000/yr
3,100/yr
________
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST |
$ |
34,100/yr
|
TOTAL
ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $82,800/yr
EXAMPLE B —100 TPY ENGINEERED LANDFILL
Assumptions
At 100
tonnes/year, the landfill is classified as a modified sanitary
landfill in the MELP Landfill Criteria. Trench fill method
assumed. As natural attenuation of leachate is not available,
engineering measures are necessary for leachate control.
No weigh scales or gas control measures are required. The
volume and land requirements are as in Example A, i.e.
8,000 m3 and 2.1 ha.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Site
Survey and Mapping: |
$ |
3,000
|
| 2) |
Hydrogeological
Monitoring - Two wells @ $10,000, and $5,000 for monitoring
and interpretation: |
$ |
25,000
|
| 3) |
Land
Acquisition - As in Example A: |
$ |
52,500
|
| 4) |
Site
Preparation - As in Example A: |
$ |
600
|
| 5) |
Access
Road - As in Example A: |
$ |
96,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate, and Signs - As in Example A:
|
$ |
20,400
|
| 7) |
Drainage
Control - As in Example A: |
$ |
900
|
| 8) |
Leachate
Management System - Lining, miscellaneous piping, manholes,
geotextiles, filter fabric, and drainage rock. 1,925
m2 @ $30/m2 : $57,800. Collection
piping, 8 - 10 cm diameter, 100m @ $100/m: $10,000.
Simple pump station
@ $25,000: $25,000, and 1,000m of 75mm diameter force
main @ $60/m: $60,000. (NB - The assumption is that
leachate can be pumped one kilometre to a safe disposal
location, such as a municipal sewage treatment plant).
Total cost: |
$ |
152,800
|
| 9) |
Equipment
- Included in operating costs: |
$ |
n/a
|
10) |
Equipment
Storage Facility - As in Example A: |
$ |
60,000
________ |
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$ |
411,200
41,100
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$ |
452,300
67,800
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$ |
520,100
|
Capital payback at 8% over ten years: $77,500/yr
Operating
Costs
| 1) |
Staffing
and Equipment - As in Example A: |
$
|
20,200/yr
|
| 2) |
Cover
Materials - Excavated on site, 45 tonnes/yr at $5/tonne: |
$
|
200/yr
|
| 3) |
Environmental
Monitoring Program - For engineered site: |
$
|
8,000/yr
|
| 4) |
Annual
Report: |
$
|
5,000/yr
|
| 5) |
Litter
Control Fencing - As in Example A:
|
$
|
300/yr
|
| 6) |
Closure
Fund - As in Example A: |
$
|
500/yr
|
| 7) |
Post
Closure Fund - As in Example A: |
$
|
400/yr
|
| 8) |
General
Site Maintenance - Building, pavement, and services,
including leachate management system: |
$
|
800/yr
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Administrative Allowance - 10% |
$
$
|
35,400/yr
3,500/yr
________
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST |
$
|
38,900/yr
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $116,400/yr
EXAMPLE C —100 TPY NATURAL ATTENUATION LANDFILL
Assumptions
At
1000 tonnes/year, the landfill is classified as a modified
sanitary landfill in the MELP Landfill Criteria. Leachate
generated at the site is assumed to be naturally attenuated.
A leachate management system, gas control system, and weigh
scales are not required. The trench fill method is assumed.
Assuming a 30 year operating life, constant discharge rate
during operating life, additional 20% of waste by weight
for cover material, and a density of compacted waste of
0.45 tonnes/m3, the total volume required is
80,000 m3.
Assuming a 6.5 metre fill depth, the land area required,
including buffer, is 6.4 ha.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Site
Survey and Mapping: |
$
|
3,000
|
| 2) |
Hydrogeological
Monitoring - Three wells @ $10,000, and $5,000 for
monitoring and interpretation: |
$
|
35,000
|
| 3) |
Land
Acquisition - 6.4 hectares, at $25,000/ha: |
$
|
160,000
|
| 4) |
Site
Preparation - Clearing, grubbing, and rough grading
of fill area only: |
$
|
3,600
|
| 5) |
Access
Road - As in Examples A and B: |
$
|
96,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate, and Signs - Around perimeter of entire site.
1,152 m @ $35/m and $300 for signs: NOTE: No provision
for electric predator/bear fencing included. See
Example A for cost estimate for this option.
|
$
|
40,300
|
| 7) |
Drainage
Control Ditch and Culvert - Drainage ditch on two sides
of landfill perimeter, 376 m, at $10/m: |
$
|
3,800
|
| 8) |
Equipment
- Included in operating costs: |
$
|
n/a
|
9)
|
Equipment
Storage Facility - Two-bay building, concrete floor
100 m2, at $600/m2: |
$
|
60,000
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
401,700
40,200
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
441,900
66,300
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
508,200
|
Capital payback at 8% over ten years: $75m700/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Staffing
and Equipment - Compaction and cover, one hour per
day, three days a week, bulldozer at $90/hr: $14,000/yr.
Inspection and maintenance, six hours per week, at
$20/hr: $6,200/yr. Total: |
$
|
34,300/yr
|
| 2) |
Cover
Materials - Excavated on site: 445 tonnes/yr at $5/tonne: |
$
|
2,200/yr
|
| 3) |
Environmental
Monitoring Program - For natural attenuation site: |
$
|
4,000/yr
|
| 4) |
Annual
Report: |
$
|
5,000/yr
|
| 5) |
Litter
Control Fencing - At active face only:
|
$
|
300/yr
|
| 6) |
Closure
Fund - 16,575 m2 at $30/m2 is $497,300 in 1994 $,
required for final grading, cover, topsoil, and seeding.
Assume this expenditure will be made 30 years hence,
in the year 2024. Assume an annual interest rate of
8%. The annual contribution required to a sinking fund
is 0.009 x $497,300, or: |
$
|
4,500/yr
|
| 7) |
Post
Closure Fund - Need to make an annual expenditure
for 20 years after closure, i.e., from the Year
2024 to 2044. These annual costs, in 1994 $, will be
about $10,000/yr, for monitoring and repair of settlement
and cover. The present
worth of $10,000/yr over 20 years at 8% interest is 9.818 x $10,000, or $98,000.
The annual contribution in 1994 $ required to have this lump sum available in
2024, at 8% annual interest, is 0.009 x $98,000, or: |
$
|
900/yr
|
| 8) |
General
Site Maintenance - Building, pavement, and services: |
$
|
600/yr
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Administrative Allowance - 10% |
$
$
|
51,800/yr
5,200/yr
________
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST |
$
|
57,000/yr
|
TOTAL
ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $132,700/yr
EXAMPLE
D — 1,000 TPY ENGINEERED LANDFILL
Assumptions
At 1000
tonnes/year, the landfill is classified as a modified sanitary
landfill in the MELP Landfill Criteria. A formal
system of leachate collection and management is required
because natural attenuation is not available. Gas control
and a weigh scale are not required. The trench fill method
is assumed, giving the same volume and land area requirements
as in Example C.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Site
Survey and Mapping: |
$
|
3,000
|
| 2) |
Hydrogeological
Monitoring - Three wells @ $10,000, and $5,000 for
monitoring and interpretation: |
$
|
35,000
|
| 3) |
Land
Acquisition - As in Example C: |
$
|
160,000
|
| 4) |
Site
Preparation - As in Example C: |
$
|
3,600
|
| 5) |
Access
Road - As in Examples A, B and C: |
$
|
96,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate, and Signs - As in Example C:
|
$
|
40,300
|
| 7) |
Drainage
Control - As in Example C: |
$
|
3,800
|
| 8) |
Leachate
Management System - Lining, miscellaneous piping, manholes,
geotextiles, filter fabric, and drain rock; 16,575
m2 @ $30/m2: $497,300. Collection piping, 100 mm
diameter, 100m @ $100/m: $10,000. Simple pump station
@ $25,000, plus 1,000m of 75mm force main @ $60/m:
$60,000. Total cost: |
$
|
592,300
|
9)
|
Equipment
- Included in operating costs: |
$
|
n/a
|
| 10) |
Equipment
Storage Facility - As in Example C: |
$ |
60,000
________ |
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
994,000
94,400
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
1,093,400
164,000
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
1,257,400
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $187m400/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Staffing
and Equipment - As in Example C: |
$
|
34,300/yr
|
| 2) |
Cover
Materials - As in Example C: |
$
|
2,200/yr
|
| 3) |
Environmental
Monitoring Program - For engineered site: |
$
|
12,000/yr
|
| 4) |
Annual
Report: |
$
|
5,000/yr
|
| 5) |
Litter
Control Fencing - As in Example C:
|
$
|
300/yr
|
| 6) |
Closure
Fund - As in Example C: |
$
|
4,500/yr
|
| 7) |
Post
Closure Fund - As in Example C: |
$
|
900/yr
|
| 8) |
General
Site Maintenance - Building, pavement, and services,
including leachate management system: |
$
|
2,100/yr
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Administrative Allowance - 10% |
$
$
|
61,300/yr
6,100/yr
________
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST |
$
|
67,400/yr
|
TOTAL
ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $254,800/yr
EXAMPLE E — 10,000
TPY NATURAL ATTENUATION LANDFILL
Assumptions
At 10,000
tonnes/year, the landfill is classified as a sanitary landfill
in the MELP Landfill Criteria. Leachate generated at the
site is assumed to be naturally attenuated so no formal
collection works are required. Gas collection is not required,
however weigh scales are required. The area fill method
is assumed. Assuming a 30 year operating life, constant
discharge rate during operating life, additional 20% of
waste by weight for cover material, and a density of compacted
waste of 0.6 tonnes/m3, a total volume of 600,000
m3 is
required. Assuming a fill depth of 25 m, the total land
area required is 10 ha.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Site
Survey and Mapping: |
$
|
5,000
|
| 2) |
Hydrogeological
Monitoring - Five wells @ $10,000, and $10,000 for
monitoring and interpretation: |
$
|
60,000
|
| 3) |
Land
Acquisition - 10 hectares, at $25,000/ha: |
$
|
250,000
|
| 4) |
Site
Preparation - Clearing,
grubbing, rough grading of fill area only:
|
$
|
3,000
|
| 5) |
Access
Road - Assume 1.5 km of road, 8 m wide, upgraded to
asphalt @ $24/m2: |
$
|
288,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate, and Signs - Around perimeter of entire site;
1260 m @ $35.99/m, and $300 for signs:
|
$
|
44,400
|
| 7) |
Drainage
Control - Drainage ditch on two sides of landfill perimeter,
430 m @ $10/m:
NOTE: No provision for electric predator/bear fencing
included. See Example A for cost estimate for this
option. |
$
|
4,300
|
| 8) |
Weight
Measurement - In/outbound scales and scale house: |
$
|
200,000
|
9)
|
Equipment
- One bulldozer purchased; other equipment brought
in as needed & included under operating cost: |
$
|
200,000
|
| 10) |
Equipment
Storage Facility - Three-bay building, concrete floor,
150 m2, at $600.00/m2: |
$
|
90,000
|
| 11) |
Designated
Recycling Area - Designated areas for recyclables,
compostables, reusable materials (bulky/white goods),
tires, and batteries.30 m by 30 m by asphalt pad, @
$24/m2: plus a storage shed and containers:
$25,000. Total cost: |
$ |
46,600 |
| 12) |
Site
Servicing - Water supply and distribution; assume a
water supply well @ $10.000, plus 100 m of 150 mm
pipe @ $85/m, plus hydrants, valves, and appurtenances,
for an additional $10,000. Electrical power and distribution,
say 100m at $40/m, plus on-site distribution and
site lighting, allow $50,000. Septic tank and tile
field, $10,000. Total site servicing: |
$ |
80,000 |
| 13) |
Landscaping
- Trees, shrubs, bark mulch: |
$ |
10,000
________ |
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
1,281,300
128,100
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
1,409,400
211,400
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
1,620,800
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $241,500/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Staffing
- Full-time landfill supervisor, $50,000/yr, scale
attendant, $40,000/yr, and a dozer/loader operator,
$40,000/yr. Part time staff or drop-off area, 4 hours/day,
2 days/week, @ $20/hr: $8300/yr. Total staff costs: |
$
|
138,300/yr
|
| 2) |
Equipment
Operation - Bulldozer operation, two hours/day, six
days per week, at $100/hour: |
$
|
62,400/yr
|
| 3) |
Cover
Material - Excavated on site: 3,333 tonnes/yr at $5/tonne: |
$
|
16,700/yr
|
| 4) |
Ongoing
Clearing, Grubbing, and Grading: |
$
|
300/yr
|
| 5) |
Environmental
Monitoring Program - For natural attenuation site:
|
$
|
4,000/yr
|
| 6) |
Annual
Report: |
$
|
5,000/yr
|
| 7) |
Litter
Control Fencing - At active face only: |
$
|
300/yr
|
| 8) |
Closure
Fund - 46,225 m2 at $30/m2 is
approximately $1,386,800 in 1994 $, required for final
grading, cover, topsoil,
and seeding. Assume this expenditure will be made 30
years hence, in the year 2024. Assume an annual interest
rate of 8%. The annual contribution required to a sinking
fund is 0.009 x $1,386,800, or: |
$
|
12,500/yr
|
| 9) |
Post
Closure Fund - Need to make an annual expenditure
for 20 years after closure, i.e., from the Year
2024 to 2044. These annual costs, in 1994 $, will be
about $20,000/yr, for monitoring and repair of settlement
and cover. The present
worth of $20,000/yr over 20 years at 8% interest is 9.818 x $5,000, or $196,400.
The annual contribution in 1994 $ required to have this lump sum available in
2024, at 8% annual interest, is 0.009 x $196,400, or: |
$ |
1,800/yr |
| 10) |
General
Site Maintenance - Building, pavement, and services: |
$ |
2,700/yr
________ |
| |
Sub-total
Administrative Allowance - 10% |
$
$
|
244,000/yr
24,400/yr
________
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST |
$
|
268,400/yr
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $509,900/yr
EXAMPLE F — 10,000
TPY ENGINEERED LANDFILL
Assumptions
At 10,000
tonnes/year, the landfill is classified as a sanitary landfill
in the MELP Landfill Criteria. Leachate control works and
weigh scales are required, but gas controls are not. The
area fill method is assumed. The volume and land requirements
are the same as in Example E.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Site
Survey and Mapping: |
$
|
5,000
|
| 2) |
Hydrogeological
Monitoring - As in Example E: |
$
|
60,000
|
| 3) |
Land
Acquisition - As in Example E: |
$
|
250,000
|
| 4) |
Site
Preparation - As in Example E: |
$
|
3,000
|
| 5) |
Access
Road - As in Example E: |
$
|
288,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate, and Signs - As in Example E:
|
$
|
44,400
|
| 7) |
Drainage
Control - As in Example E: |
$
|
4,300
|
| 8) |
Leachate
Management System - Lining, miscellaneous piping, manholes,
geotextiles, filter fabrics, and drain rock; 46,225
m2 @ $30/m2: $1,386,800. Collection piping, 100 mm
diameter, 430m @ $100/m: $43,000. Simple pump station
($25,000), plus 1,000m of 75 mm pipe @ $60/m: $60,000.
Total cost: |
$
|
1,514,800
|
9)
|
Weight
Measurement - As in Example E: |
$
|
200,000
|
| 10) |
Equipment
- As in Example E: |
$
|
200,000
|
| 11) |
Equipment
Storage Facility - As in Example E: |
$ |
90,000 |
| 12) |
Designated
Recycling Area - As in Example E: |
$ |
46,600 |
| 13) |
Site
Servicing - As in Example E: |
$ |
80,000 |
| 14) |
Landscaping - As in Example E: |
$ |
10,000
________ |
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
2,796,100
279,600
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
3,075,700
461,400
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
3,537,100
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $527,000/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Staffing
and Equipment - As in Example E: |
$
|
138,300/yr
|
| 2) |
Equipment
Operation - As in Example E: |
$ |
62,400/yr |
| 3) |
Cover
Material - As in Example E: |
$
|
16,700/yr
|
| 4) |
Ongoing
Clearing, Grubbing, and Grading - As in Example E: |
$ |
300/yr |
| 5) |
Environmental
Monitoring Program - For engineered site: |
$
|
12,000/yr
|
| 6) |
Annual
Report: |
$
|
5,000/yr
|
| 7) |
Litter
Control Fencing - As in Example E:
|
$
|
300/yr
|
| 8) |
Closure
Fund - As in Example E: |
$
|
12,500/yr
|
| 9) |
Post
Closure Fund - As in Example E: |
$
|
1,800/yr
|
| 10) |
General
Site Maintenance - Building, pavement, and services,
including leachate management system: |
$
|
6,500/yr
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Administrative Allowance - 10% |
$
$
|
255,800/yr
25,600/yr
________
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST |
$
|
281,400/yr
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $808,400/yr
EXAMPLE G — 10,000
TPY NATURAL ATTENUATION LANDFILL
Assumptions
At 100,000 tonne/year, the landfill is classified as a sanitary
landfill in the MELP Landfill Criteria. Leachate generated
at the site is assumed to be naturally attenuated; therefore
leachate control works are not required. Weigh scales are
required, and a gas extraction and flaring system is required.
The area fill method is assumed. Assuming a 30 year operating
life, constant discharge rate during operating life, additional
20% of waste by weight for cover material, and an in place
waste density 0.6 tonnes/m3, the total volume
required is 6,000,000 m3. Assuming a fill depth
of 35 m, the total site area required is 37 ha, including
the stipulated buffer zone.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Site
Survey and Mapping: |
$
|
5,000
|
| 2) |
Hydrogeological
Monitoring - Five wells @ $10,000, and $10,000
for monitoring and interpretation: |
$
|
60,000
|
| 3) |
Land
Acquisition - 37 hectares, at $25,000/ha: |
$
|
925,000
|
| 4) |
Site
Preparation - Clearing, grubbing, and rough grading
of fill area only: |
$
|
3,000
|
| 5) |
Access
Road - As in Examples E and F: |
$
|
288,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate, and Signs - Around perimeter of entire site,
2440 m @ $35/m and $300 for signs: NOTE: No
provision for electric predator/bear-fencing included.
See Example A for cost estimate for this option.
|
$
|
85,700
|
| 7) |
Drainage
Control - Drainage ditch on two sides of landfill
perimeter, 1,020 m of ditch, at $10/m: |
$
|
10,200
|
| 8) |
Landfill
Gas Management System - This site will generate NMOCs
in excess of 150 tonnes/yr, and will need a gas management
system. Assume 70 extraction wells @ $5,000; $350,000,
a flare station at $300,000, and monitoring probes
@ $10,000. Total
cost: |
$
|
660,000
|
9)
|
Weight
Measurement - In/outbound scales and scale house: |
$
|
200,000
|
| 10) |
Equipment - One steel wheeled compactor @ $400,000,
and one
bulldozer or tracked loader @ $200,000: |
$
|
600,000
|
| 11) |
Equipment
Storage Facility - Three-bay building with concrete
floor, 150 m2, at $600/m2: |
$
|
90,000
|
| 12) |
Designated
Recyclables Area - Designated area for recyclables,
compostables, reusable materials (bulky/white goods),
tires, and batteries. 30 m by 30 m by asphalt pad,
@ $24/m2: $21,600 Storage shed, including
containers: $25,000. Total cost: |
$
|
46,600
|
| 13) |
Site
Servicing - Water supply and distribution, assume a
supply well, plus 1,000 m of 150 mm pipe, at $85/m,
plus hydrants, valves, and appurtenances, for a total
of $110,000. Electrical power and distribution, say
100m at $40/m, plus on-site tile field, $10,000.
Total site servicing: |
$
|
170,000
|
| 14) |
Landscaping
- Trees, shrubs, bark mulch: |
$
|
10,000
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
3,153,500
315,400
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
3,468,900
520,300
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
3,989,200
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $594,400/yr
Operating
Costs
| 1) |
Staffing
- Full-time landfill supervisor, $50,000/yr, one scale
attendant, $40,000/yr, two dozer/loader operators,
$80,000/yr, and one half-time employee for the drop-off
area, $20,000/yr.
Total: |
$
|
190,000/yr
|
| 2) |
Equipment
Operation - Compactor operation, two hours/day, six
days per week, at $150/hour: $93,600/yr. Bulldozer
operation, two hours per day, six days/week, at $100/hour:
$62,400/yr. Total: |
$
|
156,000/yr
|
| 3) |
Cover
Material - Excavated on site, 33,333 tonnes/yr at
$5/tonne: |
$
|
167,000/yr
|
| 4) |
Ongoing
Clearing, Grubbing, and Excavating: |
$
|
600/yr
|
| 5) |
Environmental
Monitoring Program - For a natural attenuation site: |
$
|
4,000/yr
|
| 6) |
Annual
Report: |
$
|
5,000/yr
|
| 7) |
Litter
Control Fencing - At active face only:
|
$
|
300/yr
|
| 8) |
Closure
Fund - 260,100 m2 at $30/m2 is approximately $7,803,000
in 1994 $, required for final grading, cover, topsoil,
and seeding. Assume this expenditure will be made 30
years hence, in the Year 2024. Assume an annual interest
rate of 8%. The annual contribution required to a sinking
fund is 0.009 x $7,803,000 or: |
$
|
70,200/yr
|
| 9) |
Post
Closure Fund - Need to make an annual expenditure
for 20 years after closure, i.e., from the Year
2024 to 2044. These annual costs, in 1994 $, will be
about $50,000/yr, for monitoring and repair of settlement
and cover. The present
worth of $50,000/yr over 20 years at 8% interest is 9.818 x $5,000, or $490,900.
The annual contribution in 1994 $ required to have this lump sum available in
2024, at 8% annual interest, is 0.009 x $490,900, or: |
$
|
4,400/yr
|
| 10) |
General
Site Maintenance - Building, pavement, and services: |
$
|
5,500/yr
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Administrative Allowance - 10% |
$
$
|
603,000/yr
60,3000/yr
________
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST |
$
|
663,300/yr
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $1,257,700/yr
EXAMPLE
H — 100,000
TPY ENGINEERED LANDFILL
Assumptions
At 100,000 tonnes/year, the landfill is classified as a
sanitary landfill in the MELP Landfill Criteria. Because
there is no natural attenuation of leachate, engineered leachate
control works are required. Gas extraction wells and a flare,
and weigh scales are also required. The area fill method
is assumed. The total volume and land area required are as
in Example G.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Site
Survey and Mapping: |
$
|
5,000
|
| 2) |
Hydrogeological
Monitoring - As in Example G: |
$
|
60,000
|
| 3) |
Land
Acquisition - As in Example G: |
$
|
925,000
|
| 4) |
Site
Preparation - As in Example G: |
$
|
3,000
|
| 5) |
Access
Road - As in Examples E, F and G: |
$
|
288,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate, and Signs - As in Example G:
|
$
|
85,700
|
| 7) |
Drainage
Control - As in Example G: |
$
|
10,200
|
| 8) |
Leachate
Management System - Lining, miscellaneous piping,
manholes, geotextiles, filter fabrics, and drain rock;
260,100 m2 @ $30/m2: $7,803,000.
Collection piping, 100 mm diameter, 1,020m @ $100/m:
$102,000.
Simple
pump station, $25,000, plus 1,000 m of 75mm force main
@ $60/m: $60,000. Total cost: |
$
|
7,990,000
|
| 9) |
Landfill
Gas Management System - As in Example G: |
$ |
660,000 |
10)
|
Weight
Measurement - As in Example G: |
$
|
200,000
|
| 11) |
Equipment
- As in Example G: |
$
|
600,000
|
| 12) |
Equipment
Storage Facility - As in Example G: |
$
|
90,000
|
| 13) |
Designated
Recycling Area - As in Example G: |
$
|
46,600
|
| 14) |
Site
Servicing - As in Example G: |
$
|
170,000
|
| 15) |
Landscaping
- As in Example G: |
$
|
10,000
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
11,143,500
1,114,400
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
12,257,900
1,838,700
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
14,096,600
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $2,200,400/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Staffing
and Equipment - As in Example G: |
$
|
190,000/yr
|
| 2) |
Equipment
Operation - As in Example G: |
$
|
156,000/yr
|
| 3) |
Cover
Material - As in Example G: |
$
|
167,000/yr
|
| 4) |
Ongoing
Clearing, Grubbing, and Grading - As in Example G |
$
|
600/yr
|
| 5) |
Environmental
Monitoring Program - For engineered site: |
$
|
12,000/yr
|
| 6) |
Annual
Report: |
$
|
5,000/yr
|
| 7) |
Litter
Control Fencing - As in Example G:
|
$
|
300/yr
|
| 8) |
Closure
Fund - As in Example G: |
$
|
70,200/yr
|
| 9) |
Post
Closure Fund - As in Example G: |
$
|
4,400/yr
|
| 10) |
General
Site Maintenance - Building, pavement, and services,
including leachate management system: |
$
|
25,500/yr
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Administrative Allowance - 10% |
$
$
|
631,00/yr
63,100/yr
________
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST |
$
|
694,100/yr
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $2,792,600/yr
APPENDIX
B — EXAMPLE TRANSFER STATION COST ESTIMATES
EXAMPLE
A — 100 TPY ROLLOFF STATION
Capital
Costs
| 1) |
Land
Purchase - Approximately 0.32 hectares, at $25,000/ha: |
$
|
8,000
|
| 2) |
Site
Preparation - Clearing, grubbing, grading (typical): |
$
|
5,000
|
| 3) |
Access Road and Ramp - Area of 30m x 15m, 150 mm of
crush @ $ 3,600
$8.00/m2: |
$
|
3,600
|
| 4) |
Retaining
Wall - Choices are reinforced concrete, concrete lock
blocks, Armco binwall, (wood, e.g. railway ties not
recommended)
a)
Reinforced Concrete - Need room for two bins, wall
x-section approximately 0.9 m3, length
approximately 14.5 m.14.5 m x 0.9 m3/m
x $1,000/m3 = $13,000
b)
Lock blocks - The blocks are 750 x 750 x 1500 mm.
Cost varies around the province, from $70
to $105/block. Each block weighs about 4,400 lb.
Freight is typically $15 -$30/block. Installation
could cost about $150/hr, assuming a crane and
two men could install approximately five blocks/hour
= $30/block. Total $115 - $165/block TNRD uses
$140 to $160/block for their estimates. Assume
$160/block Wall would be 4 blocks high by 11 blocks
long = 44 @
$160 = $7,040
c)
Armco Binwall - Require five sections of bolted
galvanised steel bin Cost approximately $8,000
to purchase, and approximately $8,000 to install
= $16,000
|
$
|
7,000
|
| |
Lock
blocks appear to be the most economical:
|
|
|
| 5) |
Concrete
Pad - Full length of the wall, 17 m, and 1.5 x the
bin width of approximately 2.2 m = 3.3 m. 150 mm
thick. Area approximately 56 m2 @ $100/m2: |
$
|
5,600
|
| 6) |
Rolloff
Bins - Two at $5,500 each:
|
$
|
11,000
|
| 7) |
Rolloff
Bin Cover (or Lids) - Lids cost approximately $4,000
each ($8,000), but are not suitable in areas of heavy
snow unless staff are present to brush off lid. Also
more awkward for people to use. A better solution is
a complete sheet metal structure over the bin and chain
link around bin sides.
Manufacturer: Northside Steel Fabricators in Kelowna. A structural steel cover
for one 38 m3 bin would be 7.9 m long, 3.5 m wide, and 2.4 m high,
and would cost $10,090, including a guide island for the bin. Predator barrier
costs $4,416
for metal cladding and $1,875 for mesh. Field erection requires bolting,
and use of a crane. Time in field - two days/crane plus two men. |
$
|
|
| |
Cost:
Purchase of cover unit, with mesh and guide |
$ |
11,965
|
| |
PST |
$ |
838
|
| |
GST |
$ |
838
|
| |
Freight |
$ |
600
|
| |
Crane
@ $100/hr for two days |
$ |
1,600
|
| |
Two
men @ $25/hr for two days |
$ |
400
________
|
| |
TOTAL: |
$ |
16,000
|
| 8) |
Fencing,
Gate and Signs - Fencing: 4 x 60 m x $35.00/m = $8,400,
plus a sign at $200:
NOTE:
The fencing component of capital costs for all landfill
cost estimates in this appendix does not include provision
for electric predator/bear-proof fencing. An additional
cost of approximately $12-$15 per metre of fenced perimeter
should be added to allow for this option |
$
|
8,600
|
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
64,800
6,500
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
71,300
3,600
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
74,900
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $11,200/yr
Note:
Temporary staffing for six to twelve months to train
the public could be added to Capital Costs.
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Transfer
Station
|
|
|
| |
Bin
Maintenance and Painting: |
$
|
1,000/yr
|
|
Site
maintenance, cleanup, snow removal. Two hours once
per week @ $20/hr, plus once per year, four hours
@ $65/hr for a loader to re-grade and spread fresh
gravel:
|
$
|
2,400/yr
|
| 2) |
Waste
Haulage
|
|
|
| |
Rolloff
truck @ $100/hr. Round trip to landfill = x km; travel
rate average of 50 km/hr; allow 10 min. turnaround
at each end. Assume one trip per week. Annual Unit
Waste Haulage Cost = 100x + 1667 (travel cost plus
turnaround cost in $ per round trip km). Assuming
the round trip is 100 km, the total annual cost is:
|
$ |
11,700/yr
________ |
| |
Sub total |
$
|
15,100/yr
|
| |
Administration Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
1,500/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $27,800/yr
EXAMPLE B — 100 TPY GREEN BOX STATION
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Land
Purchase - As in Example A: |
$
|
8,000
|
| 2) |
Site
Preparation - As in Example A: |
$
|
5,000
|
| 3) |
Access
Road - Say 40 m x 8m, 150 mm of crushed gravel @ $8.00/m2:
(Asphalt option would be approximately $16.00/m2extra) |
$
|
2,600
|
| 4) |
Pad
Area - Gravelled pad approximately 20 m x 10 m @
$8.00/m2:
|
$
|
1,600
|
| 5) |
Bins
- Need five 6 cu yd bins (4.6 m3), assuming
pick-up once/week. Five @ $1,000/bin: |
$
|
5,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate and Signs - As in Example A:
|
$
|
8,600
|
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
30,800
3,100
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 5% |
$ |
33,900
1,700
________ |
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
35,600
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $5,300/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Transfer
Station
|
|
|
| |
Bin
maintenance and painting, plus an allowance to replace
one bin per year: |
$
|
2,000/yr
|
|
Site maintenance and cleanup, snow removal, as in
Example A:
|
$
|
2,400/yr
|
| 2) |
Waste
Haulage
|
|
|
| |
Top
loading commercial packer at $135/hr. Assume round
trip to landfill = x km, speed 50 km/hr, turnaround
time at transfer station 15 min, 10 min at landfill,
one trip per week. Following Example A, Annual Unit
Waste Haulage Cost = 135x + 2,812. As in Example
A, assume x = 100 km. Total annual cost:
|
$
|
16,300/yr
________
|
| |
Sub
total |
$
|
20,700/yr
|
| |
Administration
Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
2,100/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $28,100/yr
EXAMPLE
C — 100 TPY STATION
USING
HYDRAULICALLY TIPPABLE CONTAINERS
Capital
Costs
| 1) |
Land
Purchase - As in Examples A and B: |
$
|
8,000
|
| 2) |
Site
Preparation - As in Examples A and B: |
$
|
5,000
|
| 3) |
Access
Road - As in Example B: |
$
|
2,600
|
| 4) |
Gravelled
Pad Area - As in Example B:
|
$
|
1,600
|
| 5) |
Bins
- Haul-all Hyd-a-way tippable bins, that work off the
truck hydraulic system via a quick-connect hose. Bins
are 4 cu yd (3 m3). Would need four bins, if emptied
twice per week. Cost installed is approximately $3,500/bin.
An appropriate Haul-All truck would need to be available. |
$
|
14,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate and Signs - As in Examples A and B:
|
$
|
8,600
|
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
39,200
3,900
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 5% |
$
|
43,100
1,100
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
45,300
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $5,300/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Transfer
Station
|
|
|
| |
Bin
maintenance and painting: |
$
|
2,000/yr
|
|
Site
maintenance and cleanup:
|
$
|
2,400/yr
|
| 2) |
Waste
Haulage
|
|
|
| |
Haul
all truck, 12 - 18 cu yd, @ $90/hr. Round trip x
km, 50 (100/year). Following the previous examples,
Annual unit waste haulage cost = 180 x + 3750. Assuming
x = 100 km, the total annual cost is:
|
$
|
21,800/yr
________
|
| |
Sub
total |
$
|
26,200/yr
|
| |
Administration
Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
2,600/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $35,600/yr
EXAMPLE D — 100 TPY, DEDICATED TRUCK
A
packer truck, parked at a shopping centre, school yard,
or cross-roads would receive waste on a specified day for
a specified number of hours. No site development or capital
costs are incurred.
Operating Cost
| |
One
day per week, 8 hours a day, including travel time;
8 x 52 x $90/hr: |
$
|
37,400/yr
|
| |
Administration
Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
3,700/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
EXAMPLE
E — 1,000 TPY ROLLOFF STATION
Assumptions
1000 tonnes/year divided by 52 weeks/yr = 19.2 tonnes/week.
Assuming a peaking factor of 2x, gives a peak quantity of
approximately 38 tonnes/week. At 150 kg/m3, the
volume would be approximately 253 m3/week. The
average daily quantity, based on a five day week, would be
about 26m3. There would
be a need to haul up to seven 38 m3 bins per week.
The facility would have three bays, holding three 38 m3 bins,
at the base of a zigzag concrete lock block wall.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Land
Purchase - Site dimensions would be approximately 70
m x 60 m, or 0.42 ha, @ $25,000/ha: |
$
|
10,500
|
| 2) |
Site
Preparation - Clearing, grubbing, grading: |
$
|
6,000
|
| 3) |
Access
Road and Ramp - Road 15 m x 8 m, and ramp 20 x 20 m,
for a total area of 520m2. Gravel 150
mm deep @ $8.00/m2, is $4,200. Asphalt paving
is recommended, though not essential, to $8,300. |
$
|
2,600
|
| 4) |
Retaining
Wall - Require approximately 38 lineal metres of
wall, 26 blocks long by 4 blocks high. Therefore
require 104 blocks @ $160 per block:
|
$
|
16,600
|
| 5) |
Concrete
Pad - The total pad area for three bins is estimated
at approximately 95 m2, @ $100/m2: |
$
|
9,500
|
| 6) |
Rolloff
Bins - Require four 50 cu yd (38 m3) bins,
at $5,500 each:
|
$
|
22,000
|
| 7) |
Rolloff
Bin Covers - Three steel covers with rollup doors and
animal resistant mesh screen, each @ $16,000: |
$ |
48,000 |
| 8) |
Fencing,
Gate and Sign - 260 m of fencing/gate @ $35.00/m, plus
sign: NOTE: No provision for electric predator/bear-fencing
included. See Example A for cost estimate for this
option. |
$ |
9,400
________ |
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
134,500
13,500
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 10% |
$
|
148,000
14,800
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
162,800
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $24,300/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Transfer
Station
|
|
|
| |
Bin
maintenance and painting: |
$
|
2,000/yr
|
|
Staffing
- Allow 16 hours/week, (either two days open per
week with full time staff, or part time about three
hours per day, five days a week) at $20/hr:
|
$
|
16,600/yr
|
| |
Site
maintenance, snow removal: |
$ |
2,400/yr |
| 2) |
Waste
Haulage
|
|
|
| |
Assume
four bins are hauled per week, thus requiring 208
trips per year. Assume a speed of 50 kph, a turnaround
time of 15 min at each end, and a cost of $100/hr
for a rolloff truck. If the round trip haul distance
is x km, the annual unit waste haulage cost = 416x
+ 10,400. For x = 100 km, the total annual cost is:
|
$
|
52,000/yr
________
|
| |
Sub
total |
$
|
73,000/yr
|
| |
Administration
Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
7,300/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $104,600/yr
EXAMPLE
F — 1,000 TPY STATION
HYDRAULICALLY
TIPPABLE (TRANSTOR) BINS
Assumptions
As
for Example E, the average daily quantity is about 26
m3. The station would employ two 31 m3 Transtor
bins. Assume the tractor and transfer trailer are not purchased,
but
are covered under the operating costs.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Land
Purchase - As in Example E: |
$
|
10,500
|
| 2) |
Site
Preparation - As in Example E: |
$
|
6,000
|
| 3) |
Access
Road and Ramp - As in Example E: |
$
|
12,500
|
| 4) |
Retaining
Wall - As in Example E:
|
$
|
16,600
|
| 5) |
Bins
- Two Transtor bins, at $30,000 each, plus a $1,000
per bin allowance for freight, and a $2,000 per
bin allowance for field assembly: |
$
|
66,000
|
| 6) |
Fencing,
Gate and Sign - As in Example E:
|
$
|
9,400
|
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
121,000
12,100
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 10% |
$
|
133,100
13,300
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
146,400
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $21,800/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Transfer
Station
|
|
|
| |
Bin
maintenance, including hydraulic systems, and bin painting: |
$
|
4,000/yr
|
|
Staffing
- As in Example E: |
$ |
16,600/yr |
|
Site
maintenance, snow removal - as in Example E:
|
$
|
2,400/yr
|
| 2) |
Waste
Haulage
|
|
|
| |
26
m3/day average - assume three trips per
week, or 156 trips per year. Assume 50 km/hr, 30
minute total turnaround time, and a cost of $110/hr
for the transfer tractor and trailer. For a round
trip haul of x km, the annual unit waste haulage
cost would be 343 x + 8,580. For x = 100 km, total
annual cost is
|
$
|
42,900/yr
________
|
| |
Sub
total |
$
|
65,900/yr
|
| |
Administration
Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
6,600/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $94,300/yr
EXAMPLE G — 10,000 TPY STATION-DIRECT DUMP
Assumptions
10,000
tonnes/year divided by 52 weeks/yr = 192.3 tonnes/week,
or 38.5 tonnes/day, for a five day week. Assuming a density
of 150 kg/m3 gives a daily average of approximately
256 m3.
The facility would be very similar to the one designed by
UMA Engineering for the Regional District of Nanaimo, located
in Parksville. This facility has weigh scales with a separate
office, and a bi-level steel building on a concrete foundation.
Waste is dumped on a concrete floor inside the building,
and pushed with an articulated loader into one of two transfer
trailers sitting on the lower level. Cost estimates are based
largely on this station.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Land
Purchase - Site area of approximately 2.5 hectares,
to allow for future expansion, @ $25,000/ha: |
$
|
62,500
|
| 2) |
Site
Preparation - Clearing, grubbing, grading: |
$
|
10,000
|
| 3) |
Access
Road - On-site roads and pad, approximately 400 m,
average 10 m wide, for a total area of about 4,000m2.
Gravel plus asphalt, @ $24.00/m2, is |
$
|
96,000
|
| 4) |
Transfer
Building - Building area approximately 1,000 m2,
unit cost $800/m2, including concrete
bi-level foundation and metal prefabricated building,
with
two trailer bays:
|
$
|
800,000
|
| 5) |
Weigh
Scales and Office - Supply and installation of inbound
and outbound scales and scale house: |
$
|
200,000
|
| 6) |
Site
Servicing - Water supply and distribution, assume
1,000 m of 150 mm pipe, at $85/m, plus hydrants,
valves, and appurtenances, for a total of $100,000.
Electrical power and distribution, say 100 m @ $40/m,
plus on-site distribution to scale house and transfer
building, and site lighting, allow $50,000. Septic
tank
and tile field, $10,000. Holding tanks and pumps for washdown water (release
to tile field if quality acceptable), allow $10,000. Total site servicing:
|
$
|
170,000
|
| 7) |
Articulated Loader - For use in pushing waste into
trailers: |
$
|
40,000
|
| 8) |
Landscaping
- Trees, shrubs, bark mulch: |
$
|
10,000
|
| 9) |
Fencing,
Gate and Sign - 630 m of fencing/gate @ $35.00/m, plus
sign: NOTE: No provision for electric predator/bear-fencing
included. See Example A for cost estimate for this
option. |
$ |
22,400
________ |
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
1,410,900
141,000
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
1,552,000
232,800
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
1,784,800
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $265,900/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Transfer
Station
|
|
|
| |
Maintenance
of building, scales, pavement, and services, at 0.25%
of capital cost: |
$
|
3,000/yr
|
|
Staffing
- Two full time employees, one on the scales, and one
on the tipping floor/loader: |
$
|
80,000/yr
|
|
Loader
maintenance and operation, 1 hr/day, 5 days/week,
at $40/hr:
|
$
|
10,400/yr
|
| 2) |
Waste
Haulage
|
|
|
| |
Assume
eighteen tonnes per trip, in a 90 m3 trailer
(assumed density is 200 kg/m3, based on
some haulage in packer
trucks). Require 556 trips per year. Assume a speed
of 50 kph, a turnaround time of 15 min at each end,
and a cost of $100/hr for a transfer truck and trailer.
If the round trip haul distance is
x km, the annual unit waste haulage cost = 1,112x + 27,800. For x = 100 km, the
total annual cost is:
|
$
|
139,000/yr
________
|
| |
Sub
total |
$
|
233,400/yr
|
| |
Administration
Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
23,300/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $522,600/yr
EXAMPLE H — 10,000 TPY STATION
COMPACTION ROLLOFF BINS
Assumptions
As
for Example G, need to handle an average of 256 m3/day,
based on a five day week. Assume two-thirds of the daily
volume goes to compactor bins, and one-third (bulky and
other wastes unsuitable for compaction) to open rolloff
bins. The compactor bins would receive about 171 m3/day,
and would compact it about 3:1 to 57 m3/day.
The open bins would receive about 85 m3/day.
The facility would install
three 38 m3 bins of each type, for a total of
six, at the base of a zigzag concrete lock block wall.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Land
Purchase - As in Example G: |
$
|
62,500
|
| 2) |
Site
Preparation - As in Example G: |
$
|
10,000
|
| 3) |
Access
Road and Ramp - As in Example G: |
$
|
96,000
|
| 4) |
Retaining
Wall - Require approximately 66 lineal metres of
wall, 44 blocks long by 4 blocks high. Therefore
require 176 blocks @ $160 per block:
|
$
|
28,200
|
| 5) |
Concrete
Pad - The total pad area for the six bins is estimated
at approximately 200 m2, @ $100/m2: |
$
|
20,000
|
| 6) |
Rolloff
bins - 50 cu yd (38 m3) bins; three compactor
bins, at $24,000 each, and three open bins at $5,500
each:
|
$
|
88,500
|
| 7) |
Rolloff
Bin Covers - Three steel covers with rollup doors and
animal resistant mesh screen, for the open bins only,
each @ $16,000: |
$ |
48,000 |
| 8) |
Weigh
Scales and Office - As in Example G: |
$ |
200,000 |
| 9) |
Site
Servicing - As in Example G: |
$ |
170,000 |
| 10) |
Landscaping
- As in Example G: |
$ |
10,000 |
| 11) |
Fencing,
Gate and Signs - As in Example G: |
$ |
22,400
________ |
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
755,600
75,600
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
831,200
124,700
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
955,900
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $142,400/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Transfer
Station
|
|
|
| |
Bin
maintenance, including hydraulics, and painting: |
$
|
6,000/yr
|
|
Site
maintenance, including weigh scales, pavement, and
services: |
$ |
3,000/yr |
|
Staffing
- As in Example G: |
$
|
80,000/yr
|
|
Power,
lighting, miscellaneous:
|
$
|
1,000/yr
|
| 2) |
Waste
Haulage
|
|
|
| |
The
legal payload in a rolloff bin, either a compactor
bin or an open bin, is approximately 8 tonnes. Assuming
the containers are hauled 80% full, 1,563 bins would
have to be hauled per year. If two bins were hauled
at once, i.e. by a truck/pup, there would need to
be 782 trips per year. Assume a speed of 50
kph, a turnaround time of 45 min at the transfer station, and 30 min at the landfill,
and a cost of $110/hr for a rolloff truck and pup. If the round trip haul distance
is x km, the annual unit waste haulage cost = 1,720x + 107,500. For x = 100 km,
the total annual cost is:
|
$
|
270,500/yr
________
|
| |
Sub
total |
$
|
369,500/yr
|
| |
Administration
Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
37,000/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $548,900/yr
EXAMPLE I — 10,000 TPY
HYDRAULICALLY
TIPPABLE (TRANSTOR) BINS
Assumptions
As for Examples G and H, the average daily quantity is about
256 m3. If sufficient storage capacity is to be
provided for one day, the station would require nine 31 m3 Transtor
bins. Assume the tractor and transfer trailer are not purchased,
but are covered under the operating costs.
Capital Costs
| 1) |
Land
Purchase - As in Examples G and H: |
$
|
62,500
|
| 2) |
Site
Preparation - As in Examples G and H: |
$
|
10,000
|
| 3) |
Access
Roads and Ramp - As in Examples G and H: |
$
|
96,000
|
| 4) |
Retaining
Wall - Approximately 50 lineal metres, i.e. 34 lock
blocks long by 5 high. 170 blocks @ $160/block:
|
$
|
27,200
|
| 5) |
Bins
- Nine Transtor bins, at $30,000 each, plus a $1,000
per bin allowance for freight, and a $2,000 per
bin allowance for field assembly: |
$
|
297,000
|
| 6) |
Weigh
Scales and Office - As in Examples G and H:
|
$
|
200,000
|
| 7) |
Site
Servicing - As in Examples G and H: |
$
|
170,000
|
| 8) |
Landscaping
- As in Examples G and H: |
$
|
10,000
|
| 9) |
Fencing,
Gate and Sign - As in Examples G and H: |
$
|
22,400
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Contingency Allowance - 10% |
$
|
895,100
89,500
________
|
| |
Sub-total
Engineering - 15% |
$
|
984,600
147,700
________
|
| |
TOTAL
CAPITAL COST |
$
|
1,132,300
|
Capital
payback at 8% over ten years: $168,700/yr
Operating Costs
| 1) |
Transfer
Station
|
|
|
| |
Bin
maintenance, including hydraulic systems and bin painting: |
$
|
12,000/yr
|
|
Site
maintenance - As in Example H: |
$
|
3,000/yr
|
|
Staffing
- As in Examples G and H: |
$
|
80,000/yr
|
|
Power,
lighting, miscellaneous:
|
$
|
1,000/yr
|
| 2) |
Waste
Haulage
|
|
|
| |
256
m3/day average - assume an 18 tonne average
load in a transfer trailer, requiring 556 trips per
year.
Similar to Example G, but the turnaround time at
the transfer station is higher, because of the time
required to empty three bins into
the trailer. Assume 50 km/hr, 30 min at the station and 15 min at the landfill,
and a cost of $110/hr for the transfer tractor and trailer. For a round trip
haul of x km, the annual unit waste haulage cost would be 1,223x + 45,900. For
x = 100km, the total annual cost would be:
|
$
|
168,200/yr
________
|
| |
Sub
total |
$
|
264,200/yr
|
| |
Administration
Allowance - 10%
|
$
|
26,400/yr
|
| |
TOTAL
OPERATING COST
|
$
|
|
TOTAL ANNUAL COST INCLUDING CAPITAL PAYBACK: $459,300/yr
APPENDIX
C —TRANSFER
STATION ISSUES
The
following discussion of transfer station issues is based
on telephone conversations with regional representatives
of BC Environment who are responsible for solid waste management.
The intent of the conversations was to develop an understanding
of what issues were seen to be important throughout BC.
The types of problems and issues that have had to be dealt
with in Alberta are also summarized in this section, with
the solutions found workable in Alberta indicated.
a) Regulations
Unlike
landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, discharge
permits are not required for transfer stations. In general,
the need for implementing regulations directed at transfer
stations is viewed to be unnecessary if they are properly
designed and operated to effectively manage the typical
problems associated with their use. The role of the provincial
government in this area was questioned, as the responsibility
for solid waste management essentially rests with the regional
districts. It is hoped that parallel legislation and regulations
will effectively manage industrial waste streams, hazardous
waste, and liquid waste. As part of a municipal solid waste
system, transfer stations should not be allowed to accept
such materials. However, a contingency plan is still needed
for instances when a user discharges such undesirable materials.
b) The
Need for Transfer Stations
Opinions
on the need for transfer stations varied. Some supported
a regional approach to solid waste management that favoured
the use of well-planned transfer stations. On the other
hand, there were fears that, if poorly operated, a small
transfer station may pose an environmental threat similar
to a small landfill in some respects, namely problems with
litter and wildlife.
c) Facility
Design and Operations
It was
noted by a number of regional representatives that if a
transfer station is properly designed and managed, the
problems commonly associated with them should not arise.
Design should focus on the needs of the particular host
community, and on local conditions. Consider the need for
compaction and weigh scales, the existence of freezing
conditions, traffic flow, and wildlife. Designers and planners
should take advantage of the variety of equipment available.
It is necessary to identify the elements that constitute
an environmentally responsible transfer station. Maintenance
and operation must ensure that a station is properly managed
with respect to the environment. Cost estimates are important
during the review of alternative solutions.
d) Siting
It appears
that the trend to site transfer stations in low profile
areas is slowly reversing itself, as solid waste managers
site transfer stations in more visible locations. Placing
a station near a frequently visited facility, such as a
store or community centre, will reduce the need for a full-time
attendant. A high volume of visitors to the area tends
to encourage a tidy and well-used facility.
e) Staffing
Staff
at a transfer station allows the implementation of separation
and reduction initiatives, the keeping of a tidy site,
the charging of tipping fees, the use of a weigh scale,
and fosters good public relations. The disadvantage of
staffing a facility is the cost. However, at unstaffed
facilities, there is the potential for illicit dumping,
and tipping fees cannot be charged. Coin operated gates
have been considered in the interior, but they do not address
the problem of dumping of undesirable wastes, nor do they
allow for payment on the basis of volume dumped. Another
suggestion was to begin by staffing a transfer station,
but phase it out as the public becomes accustomed to the
facility. The size of the facility, the location, and the
service population are all influencing factors. In small
communities, the tight-knit attitude of the population
can ensure proper use and tidiness instead of an attendant.
f) Difficult
Wastes
The
regional MELP representatives had mixed views on the management
of bulky wastes such as furniture and appliances, although
it was thought to be an important issue by most. Should
transfer stations provide for all waste disposal needs
at one site, or should the responsibility for this component
lie with the generators by requiring direct-haul to a disposal
facility? Alternately, a semi-annual special collection
bin could be provided to target bulky goods. Another difficult
waste, particularly in ranching country and areas of intense
hunting activity, is animal carcasses and related wastes.
g) Liquid
and Hazardous Wastes
The
general consensus was that liquid and hazardous waste should
not be accepted at a transfer station. Public education
should be used to avert problems. Regional districts should
avoid the issue.
h) Environmental
Contamination
Water
should be contained and prevented from contacting garbage.
Setback limits to water bodies should be defined. Most
regional representatives did not feel that environmental
contamination was a major issue of concern at transfer
stations; it was frequently stated that if a station is
properly designed and maintained, the potential for environmental
contamination would be limited. Comments often followed
suggesting that in order to have a properly designed and
operated station, there has to be a corresponding willingness
to provide the necessary funding, which is often not available.
i) Waste
Hauling
Hauling
issues of concern tended to focus on the mechanics of hauling
while considering economics. Identified issues included
investigating the transport of compacted and uncompacted
waste, the type of service route needed, the impacts of
hauling, and how to plan truck routing. The use of a packer
truck instead of a transfer station was suggested as a
reasonable solution for the Gulf Islands.
In Alberta, waste hauling problems were related to heavy,
bulky materials jamming bins or making them too heavy, and
to light, bulky wastes such as cardboard boxes occupying
too much bin space, resulting in inefficient loading. These
problems may be resolved by providing temporary or full time
supervision, or by limiting hours of operation. Public information
programs can also help. Overfilling of bins is a problem
that indicates the need for more frequent bin haulage or
larger bins, although if some bins are overfilled while others
are empty, a need for supervision is indicated.
j) Winter
Access and Snow
Snow
covered bin lids can be very heavy and difficult to open.
A heavy snowfall can make it difficult to remove a full
bin. Both users and haulers must have access to the bins
without requiring excessive extra effort.
K) Wildlife
Again,
in some areas of the province, garbage-conditioned bears
and other large predators such as wolves and coyotes pose
a real threat at solid waste facilities. The problem of
bears trapped inside transfer containers was mentioned,
to illustrate the need for bear-proof containers. Users
must have access to the disposal facility, while bears
and other large predators must be kept out. There are a
number of different measures available to mitigate predator
problems, including predator-proof lids and electric fencing.
Managing for bears, perhaps the most common of the large
predators encountered, will also limit problems with other
wildlife, including scavengers. Maintaining a clean site
will discourage wildlife in general.
l) Education
and Publicity
When
solid waste managers are deciding what role transfer stations
should have in their community, they should have information
available to effectively determine this. Publicity and
promotion is of particular concern when a landfill is replaced
by a transfer station, and the public should be provided
with reasons for making the change. Education and promotion
should be used to discourage improper disposal behaviour
and can limit the potential for the disposal of undesirable
materials.
m) Vandalism
In areas
which have opposed a transfer station, vandalism has been
a problem. Experience in Alberta has indicated that vandalism
is diminished at stations that are highly visible to the
public. Public education, site supervision, and limited
hours of operation can help resolve vandalism problems.
n) Fires
Fires
may be set deliberately, as an act of vandalism, or unintentionally,
for example through the disposal of hot ashes. The latter
problem was resolved in the Peace River Regional District
through a public notice sent to all residents in the area.
Public education has also been found to be effective in
Alberta, as has increased site supervision.
o) Odours
Frequent
emptying of the bins was seen as one way to mitigate odour
complaints.
p) Litter
Several
representatives saw a need to enclose the transfer site
to contain wind blown debris. It was suggested that haul
trucks should be properly covered. In Alberta, litter problems
at transfer stations have been reduced by public education
programs and increased site supervision.
q) Dust
At larger
sites, dust control measures may be needed.
r) Costs
Costs
are related to the type of facility and climatic conditions.
Only order of magnitude cost estimates are needed. It was
suggested that other publicly funded agencies be considered
to augment a collection/transfer service, for example,
the Ministries of Highways, Parks, and Forests frequently
employ their own staff or contractors to collect waste.
s) Public
Concern
In Alberta,
it was found that public concerns were allayed through
education, by providing a clean, tidy service, and by providing
the opportunity to recycle at the transfer station.
|
|
