IPM Manual for Landscape Pests in British Columbia
Answers to Study Questions
Chapter 1. What is Integrated Pest Management?
1. b, d, g, e, a, c, f
2. Any four of the following: provide long-term solutions to pest problems; protect the environment and human health by reducing pesticide use; reduce costs and liabilities associated with pesticide use; prevent pesticide resistant pests from developing; enable pest managers to control pesticide resistant pests; give good results where pesticides cannot be used.
3. At its most basic, prevention means choosing the right plants for the site and giving them the best growing conditions.
4. Identification identify the pest; monitoringmonitor the pest population and/or damage; action decisionsuse injury and action levels to decide when to treat; treatmentsapply a variety of controls; evaluationevaluate results, plan improvements.
5. c) Environmental conditions
6. Monitoring is used to: detect problems while pest numbers are still low; assess the size and spread of a pest population and extent of damage; find out if natural enemies of pests are present and in what numbers; look for conditions that contribute to the pest problem; find out what effect treatments or natural enemies have had on the pest population.
7. Most pheromone traps contain synthetic sex pheromones to attract male moths; traps are used to find out when the main flights of adult moths occur so that sprays or biological controls can be used at the right time to have the greatest effect.
8. The injury level depends on factors such as: what part of the plant is affected; what pest is involved and the risk of permanent injury or death to the plant; overall health of the affected plant; location of the plant in the landscape; attitudes of people who use the site; cost and effect of treatments.
9. Five general types of controls are cultural, physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical.
10. Evaluation helps the pest manager: determine what worked and what didn't; identify ways to improve the program; assess the costs and benefits of the program; identify changes to site design and management to prevent future problems.
Chapter 2. Moving from Theory to Practice
1. Any 3: Choose one site; a small part of a large site; a limited number of small sites; site(s) with fewest pest problems; key pests; key plants.
2. It is easier to see where to concentrate efforts and to make decisions about managing pests.
3. Any 3: Life cycles and biology; range of host plants that may be affected; conditions that favour the pests; conditions that prevent pest development; natural enemies of the pests.
4. a. Types of information are: physical characteristics, plant inventory, use patterns, environmental concerns.
b. This information will be useful in setting treatment thresholds and choosing treatments.
5. The injury levels should be reviewed regularly (usually annually) to fine-tune them in light of experience.
Chapter 3. Preferred Pest Controls
1. a) High temperatures tear apart plant cells and destroy proteins in the cells;
b) flamers, hot water/steam applicators, infra-red radiation applicators.
2. a) Mulches suppress weeds by depriving them of the light they need to grow;
b) mulches should be applied as soon as the soil is cultivated or disturbed because weed seeds brought to the surface start to germinate immediately.
3. Nematodes are generally not effective in dry soil conditions and cool conditions.
4. F,T,F,T
5. a) Oils act upon contact, by suffocation and by disrupting other physical processes.
b) Tebufenozide mimics the action of insect moulting hormones, causing larvae to stop feeding within hours.
c) Sulfur particles bind with fungal spores to prevent their germination.
6. Botanicals are pesticides derived from active compounds found in certain plants. Examples (any two): pyrethrins, rotenone, neem (not yet registered in Canada).
Chapter 4. IPM for Vegetation
1. Any 3 of the following: Install a mow strip; extend asphalt surfaces past the outside edge of fencing; install brick-patterned surfaces instead of bricks or paving stones; fill cracks with sealant.
2. This information will help in deciding the best management methods and when to use them.
3. a. Which method of monitoring to use depends on the site and the user.
b. How often to monitor depends on the category of the site, its history of weed problems and the local climate, as well as the budget.
4. Three main factors to consider in setting injury levels for problem vegetation are: a) safety and security of site users; b) potential for damage to structures and facilities; c) aesthetic standards.
5. This is when nutrient reserves in the roots are at their lowest and the plant is least able to grow new leaves.
6. F,T,F,T
Chapter 5. IPM for Weeds in Turf
1. Given good conditions, vigorous turf will outgrow most other kinds of plants.
2. F, F, T, T
3. Transect method; grid method; centerline method
4. a, c, b
5. To control annual weeds, focus on preventing seeds from spreading and preventing dormant seeds in the soil from germinating.
Chapter 6. IPM for Insects in Turf
1. Any 3 of the following: Damaged areas; signs that birds or other animals are pulling up the turf; life stages of insects; symptoms of chewing or sucking; silken webbing in the thatch layer.
2. Soap drenches are most useful for active insects and larvae, such as leatherjackets and sod webworms.
3. d
4. Avoid broadcast applications of insecticides because they have been shown to reduce the natural populations of beneficial insects and mites that feed on turf pests.
Chapter 7. IPM for Diseases in Turf
1. c, a, e, b, d
2. Dew gives fungi a food supply (from guttation water) and also allows the pathogens to move on a film of water to nearby plants.
3. Diseases are often difficult to diagnose because different diseases have similar symptoms; because symptoms may be mistaken for injury resulting from poor growing conditions or physical injury.
4. The monitoring schedule depends on: category of the site, on how susceptible the turfgrass is to diseases, and on weather conditions.
5. Contact fungicides, Disadvantage: they do not provide long lasting protection; Systemic fungicides, Disadvantage: development of resistance.
Chapter 8. IPM for Insects & Mites in Greenhouses and Nurseries
1. Because many greenhouse and nursery plant pests are extremely small and hard to see.
2. a) spider mites; b) sucking insects on the foliage above; c) root weevils
3. Any 3 of the following: How much damage the public will tolerate; whether the pest is likely to spread to other stock; what effect it could have on the growth rate or long-term health of the plant; the age of the plants; the category of site.
4. Control weeds both in, and around, greenhouses; maintain at least a 3m wide, closely mowed strip around the outside perimeter of production greenhouses and nurseries; drain all wet spots in greenhouse benches, floors and between nursery rows.
5. Before placing an order, always consult the supplier of biological controls to make sure you order the right species and know how to use them.
6. Either of the following: it is usually difficult to keep people out of such sites long enough to ensure sufficient ventilation after an application; commercially available biological control agents are effective for many indoor pests, but most cannot be used while pesticide residues are present on plants.
Chapter 9. IPM for Insects & Mites on Trees and Ornamentals
1. Any 4 of the following: Higher temperatures; less air flow; more disturbed and compacted soils; winter road salt; air pollution from traffic exhaust.
2. Because the total cost of managing pests on susceptible plants can be very high over the lifetime of the planting.
3. To use indicator plants for monitoring, a pest manager must know what pests to expect and which particular plants are usually attacked first.
4. e
5. One answer under each of the following:
a) aphids, spider mites and some sawflies (such as roseslug and pearslug)
b) winter moth, elm leaf beetles, ants
c) leaf-feeding caterpillars
Chapter 10. IPM for Diseases in Trees & Ornamentals
1. two of the following: Because different diseases have similar symptoms; because symptoms may be mistaken for injury resulting from poor growing conditions; because symptoms that appear on one part of a plant can be caused by a pathogen attacking another part of the plant.
2. Humidity and temperature are key factors in the development of many diseases. Weather records will help you know when conditions have been favourable for specific bacterial or fungal disease infections so that you can monitor or treat accordingly.
3. T, T, T, F
4. Timing is important because they have little effect if applied after the infection period has ended.
5. Check for: further spread of disease symptoms; reduction or elimination of disease symptoms; restoration of plants to normal growth or appearance.
Chapter 11. Safe Use Guidelines for Landscape Pesticide Treatments
1. Any three of the following: Post public areas with notices indicating where treatments are planned and have occurred; apply pesticides during periods of lowest public activity; avoid spraying areas near public roadways where school children may be present; tell owners or occupants of private land about precautions they must take to prevent exposure.
2. Because they may be harmful to fish or fish habitat.
3. The notices alert people and warn them of any precautions they should take.
4. Tell them it is their responsibility to advise guests to avoid contact with treated areas; provide information on the pesticide to be used; tell them how long to wait before entering the treated area or walking on treated lawns; tell them of any other safety precautions that should be observed.
|
