Ambient Water Quality Guidelines for Chlorate

Water Quality

Ambient Water Quality Guidelines for Chlorate

Technical Background Report

Data Tables

Table 1. Toxicity of Chlorates to Aquatic Micro-organisms

[chlorate] mg/L	cation	species	time and endpoint	[nitrogen] compound	author(s), date
817	K	Entosiphon sulcatum	72 hour/LOEC (toxicity threshold)	27 mg/L NO₃	Bringman and Kuhn, 1980
1900	K	Pseudomonas putida	15 hour LOEC toxicity threshold	173 mg/L NO₃	Bringman and Kuhn, 1980
34,510	Na	Photobacterium phosphoreum	0.25 hours EC₅₀ bioluminescence	ns	Macauley In: Wijk et.al., 1995
43,137	Na	Photobacterium phosphoreum	0.08 hours EC₅₀ bioluminescence	ns	Macauley In: Wijk et.al., 1995

ns — not specified

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Table 2. Toxicity of Chlorates to Freshwater Algae

[chlorate] mg/L	cation	species	time and endpoint	[nitrogen] compound	author(s), date
0	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.0058 to 0.0115 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
25	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.0058 to 0.0115 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
50	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.0058 to 0.0115 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
100	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.0058 to 0.0115 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
200	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.0058 to 0.0115 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
300	N	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.0058 to 0.0115 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
300	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.025 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
300	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.050 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
300	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.100 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
300	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.2100 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
334	Na	Chlorella vulgaris	48 hours/LOEC (growth inhibition)	28 mg/L NO₃	Solomonsson and Vennesland, 1972
334	Na	Chlorella vulgaris	48 hours/NOEC (growth)	280 mg/L NO₃	Solomonsson and Vennesland, 1972
500	Na	diatom community	22 days/NOEL (community structure and growth rate)	0.0058 to 0.0115 mg/L NO₃	Perrin, 1992 Perrin et.al., 1992
over 784	N	Scenedesmus subspicatus	96 hours/NOEC (growth inhibition)	3920 mg/L NH₄	Kroon, 1993
over 784	Na	Scenedesmus subspicatus	72 hours/NOEC (cell size and colour)	3920 mg/L NH₄	Hutchinson, 1994a
over 3137	Na	Scenedesmus subspicatus	72 hours/NOEC (growth rate and biomass )	3920 mg/L NH₄	Hutchinson, 1994a
over 3137	Na	Scenedesmus subspicatus	72 hours/LOEC (cell size and colour)	3920 mg/L NH₄	Hutchinson, 1994a
3340	Na	Chlorella vulgaris	48 hours/LOEC (growth inhibition)	280 mg/L NO₃	Solomonsson and Vennesland, 1972

The diatom community was dominated (over 10%) by Synedra ulna, Achnanthes, Fragilaria crotonensis and Fragilaria vaucheriae.

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Table 3. Toxicity of Chlorates to Marine Phytoplankton

[chlorate] mg/L	cation	species	time and endpoint	[nitrogen] compound	author(s), date
0.05	ns	mixed phytoplankton	8 hours/NOEC (primary productivity)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al., 1994
1.9	K	Nitzschia closterium	72 hour/EC₅₀ (growth and nitrate reductase activity)	up to 0.05 mg/L NO₃	Stauber, 1998
10	K	Nitzschia closterium	72 hour/EC₅₀ (growth and nitrate reductase activity)	1 mg/L NO₃	Stauber, 1998
11	K	Dunaliella tertiolecta	72 hour/EC₅₀ (growth and nitrate reductase activity)	up to 0.05 mg/L NO₃	Stauber, 1998
13	K	Dunaliella tertiolecta	72 hour/EC₅₀ (growth and nitrate reductase activity)	1 mg/L NO₃	Stauber, 1998
50	ns	mixed phytoplankton	8 hours/LOEC (primary productivity)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al., 1994
50	Na	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	72 hours/NOEC (biomass)	8.25 mg/L NO₃	Hutchinson, 1994b
100	Na	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	72 hours/LOEC (biomass)	8.25 mg/L NO₃	Hutchinson, 1994b
100	Na	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	72 hours/NOEC (growth rate)	8.25 mg/L NO₃	Hutchinson, 1994b
200	Na	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	72 hours/LOEC (growth rate)	8.25 mg/L NO₃	Hutchinson, 1994b
298	Na	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	72 hour/EC₅₀(biomass)	8.25 mg/L NO₃	Hutchinson, 1994b
444	Na	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	72 hour/EC₅₀(growth rate)	8.25 mg/L NO₃	Hutchinson, 1994b
over 500	K	Nitzschia closterium	72 hour/EC₅₀(growth and nitrate reductase activity)	15 mg/L NO₃	Stauber, 1998
over 1000	K	Dunaliella tertiolecta	72 hour/EC₅₀(growth and nitrate reductase activity)	15 mg/L NO₃	Stauber, 1998

ns — not specified

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Table 4. Toxicity of Chlorates to Large Marine Brown Algae

[chlorate] mg/L	cation	species	time and endpoint	[nitrogen] compound	author(s), date
0.05	effluent	Fucus vesiculosus adult plants: mescosm transplants	6 months/NOEC (frond growth)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994
0.015	effluent	Fucus vesiculosus adult plants: mescosm transplants	6 months/LOEC (frond growth)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994
0.058	ns	Fucus vesiculosus adult plants: mescosm transplants	6 months/LOEC (nitrogen utilization )	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994
0.06	effluent	Fucus vesiculosus adult plants: mescosm transplants	1 month/NOEC (frond growth)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994
0.08	effluent	Fucus vesiculosus adult plants: mescosm transplants	6 months/NOEC (frond growth)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994
0.1	effluent	Fucus vesiculosus adult plants: mescosm transplants	1 month/EC₅₀ (frond growth)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994
0.13	effluent	Fucus serratus adult plants: mescosm transplants	1 month/EC₅₀ (frond growth)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994
0.4	effluent	Fucus vesiculosus apical fronds	70 hours/EC₁₆ (net photosynthesis rate)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994
4	effluent	Fucus vesiculosus apical fronds	70 hours/EC₆₆ (net photosynthesis rate)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994

ns — not specified

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Table 5. Toxicity of Chorates to Marine Plants

[chlorate] mg/L	cation	species	time and endpoint	[nitrogen] compound	author(s), date
over 0.29	ns	Zostera marina	6 month/NOEC (growth)	up to 0.039 mg/L NO₃	Rosemarin et.al, 1994

ns — not specified

Table 6. Toxicity of Chlorates to Freshwater Invertebrates

[chlorate] mg/L	cation	species	time/endpoint	author(s), date
0.5	Na	Isoperla longiseta Plecoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
5.0	Na	Isoperla longiseta Plecoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
5.0	Na	Isoperla transmarina Plecoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
5.0	Na	Baetis tricaudatus Ephemoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
5.0	Na	Tricorythodes minutus Ephemoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
5.0	Na	Dasycorixa hybrida Hemiptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
over 31	Na	Cleon dipterum juvenile Mayfly	48 hour/LC₅₀	Nishiuchi, 1980
over 31	Na	Daphnia pulex juvenile waterflea	3 hour/NOEC	Nishiuchi, 1980
50.0	Na	Isoperla longiseta Plecoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
50.0	Na	Isoperla transmarina Plecoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
50.0	Na	Baetis tricaudatus Ephemoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
50.0	Na	Tricorythodes minutus Ephemoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
50.0	Na	Dasycorixa hybrida Hemiptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
100.0	Na	Isoperla transmarina Plecoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
100.0	Na	Baetis tricaudatus Ephemoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
100.0	Na	Tricorythodes minutus Ephemoptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
100.0	Na	Dasycorixa hybrida Hemiptera	10 days/NOEC	Dodsall et.al., 1997
600	K	Daphnia magna juvenile waterflea	24 hour/NOEC (survival)	Bringmann and Kuhn, 1977
880	K	Daphnia magna juvenile waterflea	24 hour/LC₅₀	Bringmann and Kuhn, 1977
1098	Na	Daphnia magna juvenile waterflea	48 hour/LC₅₀	ACQUIRE, 1984
1647	Na	Asellus hilgendorfi juvenile aquatic sowbug	96 hour/LC₅₀	ACQUIRE, 1984
2118	Na	Stenopsyche griseipennis caddisfly	96 hour//LC₅₀	ACQUIRE, 1984
3162	Na	Daphnia magna waterflea	48 hour/LC₅₀	Dodsall et.al., 1997
3325	Na	Daphnia magna juvenile waterflea	ns/LOEC	Environment Canada, 1985
4240	Na	Daphnia magna waterflea	toxic threshold	Anderson, 1946
5019	Na	Asellus hilgendorfi juvenile aquatic sowbug	96 hour/LC₅₀	Matida et.al., 1976
12549	Na	Polycelis nigra flatworm	48 hour/LC₅₀	Environment Canada, 1985
16000	Na	Polycelis nigra flatworm	toxic threshold	Jones, 1941

ns — not specified, [chlorate] is nominal only, nitrate not specified

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Table 7. Toxicity of Chlorates to Freshwater Fish

[chlorate] mg/L	cation	species	time/endpoint	author(s), date
over 31	Na	Oryzias latipes medaka	24 hour/LC₅₀	Nishiuchi, 1980
35	Na	Oncorhynchus masou larval cherry salmon	72 hours/NOEC	Matida et.al., 1975
48	Na	Oncorhynchus mykiss juvenile rainbow trout	56 days/NOEC	Matida et.al., 1975
784	Na	Carassius auratus goldfish	120 hours/NOEC (survival)	Environment Canada, 1985
over 784	Na	Brachidanio rerio juvenile zebrafish	96 hours/NOEC (survival)	Mark and Hantink-de Rooij, 1991
over 784	Na	Pimephales promelas juvenile fathead minnow	96 hours/NOEC (survival)	Mark and Arends, 1993
863	Na	Oncorhynchus masou larval cherry salmon	96 hour/LC₅₀	AQUIRE, 1984
930	Na	Oncorhynchus mykiss juvenile rainbow trout	48 hour/LC₅₀	Nishiuchi and Iwamura, 1983
1000	Na	Carassius auratus goldfish	5 days/NOEC	Ellis, 1937
over 1310	Na	Cyprinus carpio carp	48 hour/EC₅₀ (behaviour and survival)	Nishiuchi, 1980
1373	Na	Oncorhynchus mykiss juvenile rainbow trout	96 hour/LC₅₀	Environment Canada, 1985
2157	Na	Oncorhynchus mykiss juvenile rainbow trout	48 hour/LC₅₀	Environment Canada, 1985
2380	Na	Leuciscus idus golden orfe	ns/LC₅₀	Juhnke and Luedemann, 1978
2476	Na	Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish	24 hour/LC₅₀	Environment Canada, 1985
2510	Na	Oncorhynchus masou larval cherry salmon	96 hour/EC₅₀(behaviour and survival)	Matida et.al., 1976
2980	Na	Tribolodon hakonensis carp	96 hour/LC₅₀	Matida et.al., 1976
2980	Na	Tribolodon hakonensis carp	48 hour/LC₅₀	Matida et.al., 1976
3294	Na	Tribolodon hakonensis carp	24 hour/LC₅₀	Matida et.al., 1976
3294	Na	Oncorhynchus mykiss juvenile rainbow trout	24 hour/LC₅₀	Environment Canada, 1985
3483	Na	Tribolodon hakonensis carp	6 hour/LC₅₀	Matida et.al., 1976
3686	Na	Tribolodon hakonensis carp	12 hour/LC₅₀	Matida et.al., 1976
5561	Na	Cyprinus carpio juvenile carp	96 hour/LC₅₀	Agaev et.al., 1986
5561	Na	Opsariichtys uncirostris juvenile toadfish	96 hour/LC₅₀	Agaev et.al., 1986
5561	Na	Phoximus phoximus juvenile minnow	96 hour/LC₅₀	Agaev et.al., 1986
5561	Na	Rutilus rutilus juvenile roach	96 hour/LC₅₀	Agaev et.al., 1986
5784	Mg	Cyprinus carpio juvenile carp	96 hour/LC₅₀	Agaev et.al., 1986
5784	Mg	Opsariichtys uncirostris juvenile toadfish	96 hour/LC₅₀	Agaev et.al., 1986
5784	Mg	Phoximus phoximus juvenile minnow	96 hour/LC₅₀	Agaev et.al., 1986
5784	Mg	Rutilus rutilus juvenile roach	96 hour/LC₅₀	Agaev et.al., 1986
6745	Na	Rasbora heteromorpha harlequin	24 hour/LC₅₀	Alabaster, 1969
7843	Na	Leuciscus leuciscus dace	96 hour/EC₅₀(behaviour and survival)	Matida et.al., 1976
7843	Na	Oncorhynchus masou larval cherry salmon	48 hour/EC₅₀(behaviour and survival)	Matida et.al., 1976
8628	Na	Perca fluviatilis perch	ns/LOEC (survival threshold)	Environment Canada, 1985
9098	Na	Leuciscus leuciscus dace	48 hour/EC₅₀(behaviour and survival)	Matida et.al., 1976
9412	Na	Leuciscus leuciscus dace	24hour/EC₅₀(behaviour and survival)	Matida et.al., 1976
9412	Na	Oncorhynchus masou larval cherry salmon	24hour/EC₅₀(behaviour and survival)	Matida et.al., 1976
10588	Na	Pimephales promelas juvenile fathead minnow	96 hour/LC₅₀27.7 degrees Celsius	Shifrer et.al., 1974
10667	Na	Pimephales promelas juvenile fathead minnow	96 hour/LC₅₀23 degrees Celsius	Shifrer et.al., 1974
10824	Na	Pimephales promelas juvenile fathead minnow	96 hour/LC₅₀15 degrees Celsius	Shifrer et.al., 1974
11000	Na	perch	toxicity threshold	Meinck et.al., 1956
13000	Na	bleak	toxicity threshold	Meinck et.al., 1956
14188	Na	Pimephales promelas juvenile fathead minnow	3.4 to 4.5 hour/LC₅₀	Shifrer et.al., 1974
18824	Na	Pimephales promelas juvenile fathead minnow	1.1 to 1.3 hour/LC₅₀	Shifrer et.al., 1974

ns — not specified, [chlorate] are nominal, [nitrogen] was not reported

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