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Water Quality

Ambient Water Quality Guidelines for Chlorophenols

REFERENCES


1. Dalela, R. C., S. Rani and S. R. Verma. 1980. Physiological Stress induced by Sublethal Concentrations of Phenol and Pentachlorophenol in Notopterus notopterus: Hepatic Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases and Succinic Dehydrogenase. Environ. Pollut. 21A(1): 3-8.

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4. Huber, W., V. Schubert and C. Sautter. 1982. Effects of Pentachlorophenol on the Metabolism of the Aquatic Macrophyte Lemna minor L. Environ. Pollut. 29(A): 215-223.

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11. Konasewich, D., W. Traversy and H. Zar. 1978. Great Lakes Water Quality. Status Report on Organic and Heavy Metal Contaminants in Lakes Erie, Michigan, Huron and Superior Basins to the Implementation Committee of the Great Lakes Quality Board. Int. Joint Comm. Windsor.

12. Lu, P. Y., R. L. Metcalf and L. K. Cole. 1978. The Environmental Fate of 14C-pentachlorophenol in Laboratory Model Ecosystems. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY (Proc. Symp. Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

13. Pierce, R. H. 1978. Fate and Impact of Pentachlorophenol in a Freshwater Ecosystem. EPA Report 600/3-70-063

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16. Kirsch, E. J. and J. E. Etzel. 1973. Microbial Decomposition of Pentachlorophenol. Journal Water Poll. Cont. Fed. 45(2): 359-363.

17. Cserjesi, A. J. and E. L. Johnson. 1972. Methylation of Pentachlorophenol by Trichoderma virgatum. Can. Journ. Microbiol. 18(1): 45-49.

18. Baker, M. D., C. I. Mayfield. 1980. Microbial and Non-Biological Decomposition of Chlorophenols and Phenol in Soil. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 13(4): 411-424.

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20. Wong, A. S. and D. G. Crosby. 1981. Photodecomposition of Pentachlorophenol in Water. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 29(1): 125-130.

21. Rott, B., S. Nitz and F. Korte. 1979. Microbial Decomposition of Sodium Pentachlorophenolate. Journ. Agric. Food Chem. 27(2): 306-310.

22. Kutz, F. W., R. S. Murphy and S. C. Strassman. 1978. Survey of Pesticide Residues and Their Metabolites in Urine from the General Population. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY (Proc. of Symp., Pensacola, Fl., June 27-29, 1977).

23. Dougherty, R. C. 1978. Human Exposure to Pentachlorophenol. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY (Proc. of Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

24. Benvenuto, A., J. Wilson, L. J. Casarett and H. W. Klemmer. 1967. A Survey of Pentachlorophenol Content in Human Urine. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2: 319-333.

25. Akisada, T. 1965. Simultaneous Determination of Pentachlorophenol and Tetrachlorophenol in Air and Urine. Bunseki Kagaku. 14: 101-105.

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27. Dougherty, R. C. and K. Piotrowska. 1976. Screening by Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Environmental Contamination with Toxic Residues: Application to Human Urines. Proc. Natl., Acad. Sci. USA 73: 1777-1781.

28. Pearson, J. E., C. D. Schultz, J. E. Rivers, and F. M. Gonzalez. 1976. Pesticide Levels of Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16: 556-558.

29. Shafik, T. M. 1973. The Determination of Pentachlorophenol and Hexachlorophene in Human Adipose Tissue. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10: 57-63.

30. Benvenue, A. and H. Beckman. 1967. Pentachlorophenol: A Discussion of its Properties and its Occurrence as a Residue in Human and Animal Tissue. Residue Rev. 19: 83-129.

31. Zitko, V., O. Hutzinger and P. M. K. Choi. 1974. Determination of Pentachlorophenol and Chlorophenols in Biological Samples. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 649-652.

32. Harper, D. B. and D. Banave. 1975. Chloroanisole Residues in Broiler Tissues. Pesticide Sci. 6: 159-163.

33. Nilsson, C. A., K. Anderson, C. Rappe and S. O. Westermark. 1974. Chromatographic Evidence for the Formation of Chlorodioxins from Chloro-2-phenoxyphenols. Journ. Chromatography 96: 137-147.

34. Neely, W. B., D. R. Branson and G. E. Blau. 1974. Partition Coefficient to Measure Bioconcentration Potential of Organic Chemicals in Fish. Environ. Sci. Tech. 8: 1113-1115.

35. Goldstein, J. A., M. Friesen, R. E. Linder, P. Hickman, J. R. Hass and H. Bergman. 1977. Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Hepatic Drug -Metabolizing Enzymes and Porphyria Related to Contamination with Chlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins. Biochem. Pharm. 26: 1549-1557.

36. Villanueva, E. C., R. W. Jennings, V. W. Burse and R. C. Kimbrough. 1975. A Comparison of Analytical Methods for Chlorodibenzo-P-Dioxins in Pentachlorophenol. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 23: 1089-1091.

37. Firestone, D., J. Ress, N. L. Brown, R. P. Barron and J. N. Domico. 1972. Determination of Polychlorodibenzo-P-dioxins and Related Compounds in Commercial Chlorophenols. Journ. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 55: 85-93.

38. Schwetz, B. A., J. F. Quast, P. A. Keeler, C. G. Humiston, and R. J. Kociba. 1978. Results of Two-Year Toxicity and Reproduction Studies on Pentachlorophenol in Rats. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor . Plenum Press, NY (Proc. of Symp. Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

39. Desaiah, D. 1978. Effect of Pentachlorophenol on the ATPases in Rat Tissue. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY (Proc. Symp. Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

40. Ahlborg, V. G. 1978. Dechlorination of Pentachlorophenol in Vivo and in Vitro. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

41. Slabbert, J. L. 1986. Improved Bacterial Growth Test for Rapid Water Toxicity Screening. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 37: 565-569.

42. Bringman, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980. Comparison of the Toxicity Thresholds of Water Pollutants to Bacteria, Algae, and Protozoa in the Cell Multiplication Inhibition Tests. Water Res. 14: 231-241.
43. Dutka, B. J. and K. K. Kwan. 1981. Comparison of Three Microbial Toxicity Screening Tests with the Microtox Test. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 27: 753-757.

44. King, E. F. and H. A. Painter. 1986. Inhibition of Respiration of Activated Sludge: Variability and Reproducibility of Results. Toxicity Assess. Vol. 1(1): 27-39.

45. King, E. F. and H. A. Painter. 1985. The Effect of Acclimatization on the Toxicity of Chemicals to Activated Sludge Microorganisms. Environ. Poll. (A) 39: 267-280.

46. Reteuna, C., P. Vasseur, R. Cabridenc and H. Lepailleur. 1986. Comparison of Respiration and Luminescent Tests in Bacterial Toxicity Assessment. Toxicity Assess. 1(2): 159-168.

47. Dutton, R. J., G. Bitton and B. Koopman. 1986. Rapid Test for Toxicity in Wastewater Systems. Toxicity Assess. 1(2): 147-158.

48. Kaufman, D. D. 1978. Degradation of Pentachlorophenol in Soil, and by Soil Microorganisms. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

49. Reiner, E. A., J. Chu and E. J. Kirsch. 1978. Microbial Metabolism of Pentachlorophenol. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1988).

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50. Chu, J. P. and E. J. Kirsch. 1972. Metabolism of Pentachlorophenol by an axenic Bacterial Culture. Appl. Microbial. 23(5): 1033-1035.

51. Chu, J. P. and E. J. Kirsch. 1973. Utilization of Halophenols by a Pentachlorophenol Metabolizing Bacterium. Deu. Ind. Microbial. 14: 264-273.

52. Cserjesi, A. J. 1967. The Adaptation of Fungi to Pentachlorophenol and its Biodegradation. Can. J. Microbiol. 13: 1243-1249.

53. Ide, A., Y. Niki, F. Sakamoto, I. Watanabe and H. Watanabe. 1972. Decomposition of Pentachlorophenol in Paddy Soil. Agr. Biol. Chem. 36: 1937-1944.

54. Suzuki, T. 1977. Metabolism of Pentachlorophenol by a Soil Microbe. J. Environ. Sci. Health. 12B: 113-127.

55. Suzuki, T. and K. Nose. 1971. Decomposition of Pentachlorophenol in Farm Soil. II. PCP Metabolism by a Microorganism Isolated from Soil. Pesticide Prod. Tech. Japan. 26: 21-24.

56. LeBlanc, G. A. 1980. Acute Toxicity of Priority Pollutants to Water Flea (Daphnia magna). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 684-691.

57. Devillers, J. and P. Chambon. 1986. Acute Toxicity and QSAR of Chlorophenols on Daphnia magna. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 37: 599-605.

58. Elnabaray, M. T., A. N. Welter and R. R. Robideau. 1986. Relative Sensitivity of Three Daphnid Species to Selected Organic and Inorganic Chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 51: 393-398.

59. Fox, F. R. and K. R. Rao. 1978. Effects of Sodium Pentachlorophenate and 2,4-Dinitrophenol on Hepatopancreatic Enzymes in the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, New York/London. (Proc., Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

60. Weinbach, E. C. 1957. Biochemical Basis for the Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 43: 393-397.

61. Weinbach, E. C. 1954. The Effect of Pentachlorophenol on Oxidative Phosphorylation. Journ. Biol. Chem. 210: 545-550.

62. Weinbach, E. C. 1956. The Influence of Pentachlorophenol on Oxidative and Glycolytic Phosphorylation in Snail Tissue. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 64: 129-143.

63. Weinbach, E. C. and J. Garbus. 1965. The Interaction of Uncoupling Phenols with Mitochondria and with Mitochondrial Protein. Journ. Biol. Chem. 64: 1811-1819.

64. Weinbach, E. C. 1956. Pentachlorophenol and Mitochondrial Adenosine-triphosphatase. Journ. Biol. Chem. 221: 609-618.

65. Cantelmo, A. C., P. J. Conklin, F. R. Fox and K. R. Rao. 1978. Effects of Sodium Pentachlorophenate and 2,4-Dinitrophenol on Respiration in Crustaceans. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY /London. (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

66. Lockwood, A. P. M. and C. B. E. Inman. 1973. Changes in the Apparent Permeability to Water at Molt in the Amphipod, Gammarus duebeni and the Isopod. Idotea linearis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 44A: 943-952.

67. Doughtie, D. G. and K. R. Rao. 1978. Utrastructural Changes Induced by Sodium Pentachlorophenate in the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, in Relation to the Molt Cycle. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY/London. (Proc. Symp, Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

68. Conklin, P. J. and K. R. Rao. 1978. Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate to the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, in Relation to the Molt Cycle. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY/London (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

69. Goodnight, C. J. 1942. Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate and Pentachlorophenol to fish. Indust. Eng. Chem. 34: 868-872.

70. Weber, E. 1965. Einwurkung von Pentachlorophenolnatrium auf Fische und Fischrahrtiers. Biol. Zentralbl. 84: 81-93.

71. Kaila, K. and J. Saarikoski. 1977. Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol and 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol to the Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis L.) Environ. Pollut. 12: 119-123.

72. Tomiyama, T. and K. Kawabe. 1962. The toxic effect of Pentachlorophenate, A Herbicide, on Fishery Organisms in Coastal Waters. I. The Effect on Certain Fishes and a Shrimp. Bull. Jap. Soc. Fish. 28: 379-382.

73. Van Dyk, J. J., C. van der Meer and M. Wignans. 1977. The Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate for three Species of Decapod Crustaceans and their Larvae. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17: 622-630.

74. Rao, K. R., P. J. Conklin and A. C. Brannon. 1978. Inhibition of Limb Regeneration in the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, by Sodium Pentachlorophenate. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY/London. (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

75. Weinbach, E. C. and M. O. Nolan. 1956. The Effect of Pentachlorophenol on the Metabolism of the Snail Australorbis glabratus. Exp. Parasitology. 5: 276-284.

76. Conklin, P. J. and K. R. Rao. 1978. Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) to the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, at Different Stages of the Molt Cycle. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20: 275-279.

77. Bose, A. K. and H. Fujiwara. 1978. Fate of Pentachlorophenol in the Blue Crab, Callinectes. sapidus. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY/London. (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

78. Hauch, R. G., D. R. Norris and R. H. Pierce. 1980. Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate to the Copepod, Pseudodiaptomus coronatus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25: 562-568.

79. Spehar, R. L., H. P. Nelson, M. J. Swanson and J. W. Renoos. 1985. Pentachlorophenol Toxicity to Amphipods and Fathead Minnows at Different test pH Values. Environ. Toxicol. Chemis. 4: 389-397.

80. Hall, W. S., R. L. Paulson, L. W. Hall and D. T. Barton. 1986. Acute Toxicity of Cadmium and Sodium Pentachlorophenate to Daphnids and Fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 37: 308-316.

81. Mount, D. I. and T. J. Norberg. 1984. A Seven Day Life-Cycle Cladoceran Toxicity Test. Environ. Toxic. Chem. 3: 425-434.

82. Lewis, P. A. and C. I. Weber. 1985. A Study of the Reliability of Daphnia Acute Toxicity Tests. In: R. D. Cardwell, R. Purdy and R. C. Bahner. Editors. Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. ASTM. STP 854, Amer. Soc. Test. Material, Phil., Penn.

83. Canton, J. H. and D. M. M. Adema. 1978. Reproducibility of Short-term and Reproduction Toxicity Experiments with Daphnia magna and Comparison of the Sensitivity of Daphnia magna with Daphnia pulex and Daphnia cucullata in short term experiments. Hydrobiologia 59: 135-140.

84. Adema, D. M. M. 1978. Daphnia magna as a test animal in Acute and Chronic Tests. Hydrobiologia 59: 125-134.

85. Adema, D. M. M., and G. J. Vink. 1981. A Comparative Study of the Toxicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, Dieldrin, Pentachlorophenol and 3,4-dichloroaniline for Marine and Freshwater Organisms. Chemosphere 10: 533-554.

86. Jacob, C. and K. J. Hall. 1985. Use of the Bioconcentration capability of Hirudinea (Leeches) to Evaluate Chlorophenol Contamination of Water. In. Proc. Int. Conf. New Directions and Research in Waste Treatment and Residuals Management. UBC. Vol. 2. S. E. Jasper. Editor.

87. Anon. (EPS). 1979. Monitoring Environmental Contamination from Chlorophenol Contaminated Water Generated in the Wood Preservation Industry. Pacific and Yukon Region, Regional Program, Report 79-24.

88. Hall, K. S., V. K. Gujral, P. Parkinson and T. Ma. 1984. Selected Organic Contaminants in Sediments and Fish from the Fraser River Estuary. Water Quality Branch, IWD, Vancouver.

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91. Jones, P. A. 1984. Chlorophenols and their Impurities in the Canadian Environment: 1983 Supplement. EPS Report 3-EP-84-3. Environ. Protect. Program Dir.

92. Chapman, P. M. and D. G. Mitchell. 1986. Acute tolerance Tests with the Oligochaetes Nais communis (Naididae) and Ilyodrilus frantzi (Tubificidae). Hydrobiologia 137: 61-64.

93. Hooftman, R. N. and G. J. Vink. 1980. The Determination of Toxic Effects of Pollutants with the Marine Polychaete Worm Ophryotrocha diadema Ecotoxic. Environ. Safety. 4: 252-262.

94. Webb, P. W. and W. R. Brett. 1973. Effects of Sublethal Concentration of Sodium Pentachlorophenate on Growth Rate, Food Conversion Efficiency and Swimming Performance in Underyearling Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). J. Fish. Res. Board Canada. 30(4): 499-507.

95. Cantelmo, F. R. and K. R. Rao. 1978. Effects of Pentachlorophenol on the Meiobenthic Nematodes in an Experimental System. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY/ London. (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

96. Gupta, P. K. and V. S. Durve. 1986. Histopathological Changes Induced by Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenate in the Mantle of the Freshwater Snail Viviparus bengalensis (L). Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 14 (4): 433-437.

97. Gupta, P. K. and P. S. Rao. 1982. Toxicity of Phenol, Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenate to a Freshwater Pulmonate Snail. Lymnaea acuminata (Lamarck). Arch. Hydrobiol. 94(2): 210-217.

98. Stuart, R. J. and J. B. Robertson. 1985. Acute Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol to the Freshwater Snail, Gillia altilis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35: 633-640.

99. Williams, P. 1982. Pentachlorophenol, An Assessment of the Occupational Hazard. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Ass. Journ. 43: 799-810.

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100. Cairns, J., D. Messenger and W. F. Calhoun. 1976. Invertebrate Response to Thermal Shock following Exposure to Acutely Sub-lethal concentrations of Chemicals. Arch. Hydrobiol. 77(2): 164-175.

101. Cairns, J. and D. Messenger. 1974. The Effects of Prior Exposure to Sub-lethal Concentrations of Toxicants upon the Tolerance of Snails to Thermal Shock. Arch. Hydrobiol. 74: 441-447.

102. Zischke, J. A., J. W. Arthur, R. O. Hermanutz, S. F. Hedtke and J. C. Helgen. 1985. Aquatic Toxicology 7: 37-58.

103. Strufe, R. 1968. Problems and Results of Residue Studies After Application of Molluscicides. Res. Rev. 24: 81-83, 102-115.

104. Hedtke, S. F., C. W. West, K. W. Allen, T. Norberg and D. Mount. 1985. The Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol to Aquatic Organisms under Naturally Varying and Controlled Conditions. Tech. Rpt. USEPA, Monticello. Ecol. Res. Stat.

105. Anon. (USEPA). 1979. Water Quality Criteria. Fed. Reg. 44(52): 15926-19562. March 15, 1979.

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107. Gupta, P. K. 1983. Acute Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol to a Freshwater Teleost, Rasbora daniconius neilgeriensis (Hamilton). Arch. Hydrobiol. 98: 127-132.

108. Dalela, R. C., S. Rani and S. R. Verma. 1979. Acute Toxicity of Phenol and Pentachlorophenol to a few Freshwater Teleosts. Proc. Symp. Environ. Biol. 349-359.

109. Hall, K. J. and C. Jacob. 1985. The Bioconcentration of Chlorophenols by Leeches and their Use as In Situ Biological Monitors. Environ. Pollut.

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112. Slooff, W., J. L. M. Hermens. 1983. Comparison of the Susceptibility of 22 Freshwater Species to 15 Chemical Compounds. I. (Sub) Acute Toxicity Tests. Aquatic Toxicology 4: 113-128.

113. Hedtke, S. F., C. W. West, K. W. Allen, T. S. Norberg-King and D. I. Mount. 1986. Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol to Aquatic Organisms Under Naturally Varying and Controlled Environmental Conditions. Environ. Toxic. and Chem. 5: 531-42.

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115. Johansen, P. H., R. A. Mathers, J. A. Brown, P. W. Colgan and W. G. Kierstead. 1985. The Effects of Pentachlorophenol on the Physiology and Behaviour of Young-of-Year Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquatic. Sci. 1368: 293-295.

116. Yount, J. D. and J. E. Richter. 1986. Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Periphyton Communities in Outdoor Experimental Streams. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 51-60.

117. Tagatz, M. E., J. M. Ivey and M. Tobia. 1978. Effects of Dowicide G-St on Development of Experimental Estuarine Macrobenthic Communities. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY/London. (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

118. Borthwick, P. W. and S. C. Schimmel. 1978. Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol and related Compounds to Early Life Stages of Selected Estuarine Animals. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY./London. (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

119. Schimmel, S. C., J. M. Patrick and L. F. Faas. 1978. Effects of Sodium Pentachlorophenate on Several Estuarine Animals: Toxicity, Uptake, and Depuration. In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY/ London. (Proc. Symp., Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

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501. Ja-Chang Huang. 1968. The Effects of Organic Compounds on Photosynthetic Oxygenation. Water Res. 2(5): 347-366.

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528. Janssen, K. and V. Jansson. 1986. Inability of Chlorophenols to Induce 6-thioguanine-resistant Mutants in V79 Chinese Hamster Cells. Mutat. Res. 171(2-3): 165-168.

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532. Oikari, A., B. Holmbom, E. Aanaes, M. Miilunpalo, G. Kruzynski and M. Castren. 1985. Ecotoxicological Aspects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents discharged to an Inland Water System: Distribution in Water, and Toxicant Residues and Physiological Effects in Caged Fish (Salmo gairdneri). Aquat. Toxicol. 6(3): 219-239.

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551. Sloof, W. and R. Baerselman. 1980. Comparison of the Usefulness of the Mexican Axolotl (Amblystoma mexicanum) and the Clawed Toad (Xenopus laevis) in Toxicological Bioassays. Bull. Env. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 439-443.

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578. Conklin, P. J. and K. R. Rao. 1978. Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate to the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, in relation to the Molt Cycle. Env. Sci. Res. 12: 181-192.

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592. Bacon, G. B. 1978. Bioaccumulation of Toxic Compounds in Pulpmill Effluents by Aquatic Organisms in Receiving Waters. Envir. Can. Ann. Rpt. CPAR Proj. No.675. Draft Rpt. No. M-79-76.

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596. Isensee, A. R. and G. E. Jones. 1971. Adsorption and Translocation of Root and Foliage Applied 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 19: 1210-1214.

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601. Pauli, O. and G. Franke. 1972. Behavior and Degradation of Technical Preservatives in the Biological Purification of Sewage. In: A. H. Walters and E. H. Hueck -Van der Plus. Editors. Biodegradation of Materials Vol. 2: 52-60. Wiley and Sons, NY

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651. Sund, K. A. and N. Nomura. 1963. Laboratory Evaluation of Several Herbicides. Weed Res. 3: 35-43.

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653. Gurova, A. T. 1964. Hygenic Characteristics of P-Chlorophenol in the Aniline Dye Industry. Hyg. and Sanit. 29(10): (Gigiena I Saniariya). Trans. from Russian.

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659. Schipper, I. A. 1961. Toxicity of Wood Preservatives for Swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 401-405.

660. Blevins, D. 1965. Pentachlorophenol Poisoning in Swine. Vet. Med. 60: 455.

661. Spencer, G. R. 1957. Poisoning of Cattle by Pentachlorophenol in Kerosene. Am. Vet. Med. Soc. J. 130: 299-300.

662. Smith, R. S. 1970. Responsibilities and Risks Involved in the use of Wood Protecting Chemicals. Occup. Health Rev. 21(3-4): 1-6.

663. Baader, E. W. and H. J. Bauer. 1951. Industrial Intoxication due to Pentachlorophenol. Ind. Med. Surg. 20(6): 286-290.

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666. Schiff, C. J. and B. Garnett. 1961. The Short-Term Effects of Three Molluscicides on the Microflora and Microfauna of Small Biologically Stable Ponds in Southern Rhodesia. Bull. World Health Org. 25: 543.

667. Holmberg, B., S. Jensen, A. Larsson, K. Lewander and M. Olsson. 1972. Metabolic Effects of Technical Pentachlorophenol on the Eel, Anguilla anguilla. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B. Comp. Biochem. 43B:171-183.

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670. Norup, B. 1972. Toxicity of Chemicals in Paper Factory Effluents-1972. Water Res. 6(12): 1585-1588.

671. Hanes, D., H. Kreuger, I. Tinsley and C. Bond. 1968. Influence of Pentachlorophenol on Fatty Acids of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In: Proc. West. Pharm. Soc. 11: 121-125.

672. Anon. (US EPA). 1979. Water Quality Criteria. Fed. Reg. 44(144): 43660-43665. July 25, 1979.

673. Mackenzie, C. J. G., W. K. Oldham and W. D. Powrie. 1975. Appendix R. R. Effects of Pesticides on Fish and Wildlife in British Columbia. BC Royal Comm. Inquiry into the Use of Pestic. and Herbic. Final Rpt. Commiss. May 30, 1975 2(2).

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675. Boetius, J. 1954. Foul Taste of Fish and Oysters Caused by Chlorophenol. Meddelelsen Fra Danmarks Fiskeri-Og. Havundsogelser. N. S. 1(4): 1-7.

676. Fetterolf, C. M. 1964. Taste and Odour Problems in Fish from Michigan Waters. In: Proc. 18th Indust. Waste Conf. Purdue Univ.

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678. Panish, P. R. 1977. Chronic Effects of PCP on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). In: Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. K. R. Rao. Editor. Plenum Press, NY (Proc. of Symp. Pensacola, Fla., June 27-29, 1977).

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680. Dimick, R. E. and W. P. Breese. 1965. Bay Mussel Embryo Bioassay. In: Proc. 12th Pac. N. W. Indust. Waste Conf., Univ. Wash. Seattle. p. 165-175.

681. Van Horn, W. M. and R. Balch. 1955. Stream Pollutional Aspects of Slime Control Agents. T.A. P. P. I. 38(3): 151-153.

682. Ernst, W. 1979. Factors Affecting the Evaluation of Chemicals in Laboratory Experiments Using Marine Organisms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 3(1): 90-98.

683. Faas, L. F. and J. C. Moore. 1979. Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Marine Biota and Sea Water by Gas-Liquid Chromatography and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 27(3): 554-557.

684. Cochrane, W. P., M. Lanouette and J. Singh. 1983. High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Impurity Phenols in Technical 2,4-D acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenol. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 66(3): 804-809.

685. Fox, M. E. 1983. Personal Communication. In: Ref. 91. Jones, P.A. 1984.

686. Niimi, A. J. 1982. Personal Communication. In: Ref. 91. Jones, P.A. 1984.

687. Anon. (Can./Ont.). 1981. Environmental Baseline Report of the Niagara River. Nov. 1981. Update. Canada-Ontario Review Board.

688. Cautreels, W., K. Van Cauwenberghe and L. A. Guzman. 1977. Comparison between the Organic Fraction of Suspended Matter at a Background and an Urban Station. Sc. Total Environ. 8(1): 79-88.

689. Yunker, M. B. 1981. A Pelagic Marine Ecosystem Study of the Behaviour, Pathways, Residence Time and Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol. Contact Rpt. Dobrocky. Seatech. Ltd. DSS File No. 075B.FP833-9-0943. Instit. Ocean Sci., Sidney, BC

690. Anon (Can. H.& W.). 1989. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. National Health and Welfare.

691. Liu, D., K. Thompson and K. L. E. Kaiser. 1982. Quantitative Structure - Toxicity Relationship of Halogenated Phenols on Bacteria. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 130-136.

692. Singleton, H. S. 1991. Personal Communication. Water Quality Branch, Ministry of Environment, BC Government.

693. Drinnan, R. W., E. White and P. Wainwright. 1991. Geographical Distribution of Chlorophenols and Habitat Types in the Fraser River Estuary. Prepared for Water Quality Branch, IWD, Envir. Can.

694. Anon. (US, EPA). 1980. Fed. Reg. 45: 79318, Nov. 28

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698. Anon. 1991. BC Ministry of Environment Data Set.

699. Nyholm, N. 1991. Toxic Effects on Algal Phosphate Uptake. Envir. Toxic. and Chem. 10(5): 581-584.

700. Tranvik, L., P. Larsen, L. Okla and O. Regnell. 1991. In situ Mineralization of Chlorinated Phenols by Pelagic Bacteria in Lakes of Differing Humic Content. Envir. Toxic. and Chem. 10(2): 195-199.

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702. Shigeoka, T., T. Yamagata, T. Minoda and F. Yamauchi. 1988. Acute Toxicity and Hatching inhibition of Chlorophenols to Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, and structure-activity relationships. Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 34: 343-349. (Japanese).

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705. Henderson, N. 1992. Personal communication. Toxicology Unit, Environmental Protection Division, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Government of BC

706. Noton, L. R. and R. D. Shaw. 1989. Winter Water Quality in the Athabasca River System 1988 and 1989. Alberta Environment. 200 pp.

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708. Choi, J. and S. Aomine. 1974. Adsorption of Pentachlorophenol by Soils. Plant Nutr. 20(2): 135-144.

709. Anon. (WHO). 1989. Chlorophenols other than Pentachlorophenol. Envir. Health Crit. 93. WHO, Geneva. 208 pp.

710. Pal, H. S., T. Murphy, A. C. Carter and S. W. Drew. 1980. Rapid Assays for Microbial Degradation of 2-chlorophenol. Report No. 128. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Virginia.

711. Fandry, C. B., R. E. Johannes and P. J. Nelson. 1989. Pulp Mills: Modern Technology and Environmental Protection. Report to Senator the Hon. John Button, Minister for Industry, Technology and Commerce. Commonwealth of Australia.

712. Birtwell, I. K. 1977. A Field Technique for Studying the Avoidance of Fish to Pollutants. Envir. Protect. Serv. Tech. Report No. EPS-5-AR-77-1. Halifax, Canada. 69-86.

713. Anon. (Can. Environ.). 1991. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report No. 2. Effluents from Pulp Mills Using Bleaching. Envir. Can.

714. Walden, C. C., D. J. McLeay and A. B. McKague. 1986. Cellulose Production Process. In : Hutzinger, O. Editor. The Handbook for Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 3, Part D, p. 1-34. Springer-Verlag.

715. Fiedler, H., O. Hutzinger and C. W. Timms. 1990. Dioxins: Sources of Environmental Load and Human Exposure. Toxic. Environ. Chem. 29:157-234.

716. Paasivirta, J., J. Knuutinen, J. Tarhanen, T. Kuokkanen, K. Surma-Aho, R. Paukku, H. Kaariainen, M. Lahtipera and A. Veijanen. 1983. Potential off-flavor compounds from Chlorobleaching of Pulp and Chlorodisinfection of Water. Water Sci. Technol. 15: 97-104.

717. Paasivirta, J., P. Klein, M. Knuutila, J. Knuutinen, M. Lahtipera, R. Paukku, A. Veijanen, L. Welling, M. Vuorinen and P. J. Vuorinen. 1987. Chlorinated Anisoles and Veratroles in Fish. Model Compounds. Instrumental and Sensory Determinations. Chemosphere 16: 1231-1241.

718. Herve, S., P. Heinonen, R. Paukku, M. Knuutila, J. Koistinen and J. Paasivirta. 1988. Mussel Incubation Method for Monitoring Organochlorine Pollutants in Watercourses. Four-year Application in Finland. Chemosphere 17: 1945-1961.

719. Wan, M. 1992. Utility and Railway Right-of-Way Contaminants in British Columbia: Chlorophenols. J. Environ. Qual. 21(2): 225-231.

720. Carey, J. H., M. E. Fox and J. H. Hart. 1988. Identity and Distribution of Chlorophenols in the North Arm of the Fraser River Estuary. Water Poll. Research J. Can. 23(1): 31-44.

721. Triebig, G. et al. 1981. Investigations on Neurotoxicity of Chemical substances at the Workplace. II. Determination of the Motor and Sensory Nerve Conduction velocity in persons occupationally exposed to Pentachlorophenol. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 48(4): 357-368.

722. Triebig, G. et al. 1987. Pentachlorophenol and the Peripheral Nervous System: a longitudinal study in exposed workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 44(9): 638-641.

723. Anon. 1995. Interim Report on Pole Preservatives in Soils adjacent to In-Service Utility Poles in the United States. Electric Power Research Institute. Draft Report.

724. Conner, S. 1994. Pentachlorophenol-Leaching from Utility Poles exposed to the aquatic environment. Springborn Laboratories, Inc. Report 94-3-5201.

725. Conner, S. 1993. Pentachlorophenol-Determination of aqueous photolysis rate constant and half-life. Springborn Laboratories, Inc. Report 93-1-4568.

726. Schmidt, J. 1991. Determination of the Photolysis rate of 14C-Pentachlorophenol on the surface of Soil. ABC Laboratories, Inc. Report 38440.

727. Schocken, M. 1994. Pentachlorophenol-Determination of Photodegradation in Air. Springborn Laboratories, Inc. Report 94-4-5226.

728. Blumhurst, M. 1992. Aqueous Hydrolysis of Pentachlorophenol. EPL Bio-Analytical Services, Inc. Project 156-001.

729. Weeden, D. 1993. Pentachlorophenol-Determination of the Sorption and Desorption properties. Springfield Laboratories, Inc. Report 92-12-4536.

730. Christensen, K. 1995. Metabolites of Pentachlorophenol-Determination of the Sorption and Desorption properties. Springfield Laboratories, Inc. Report 95-3-5756.

731. Schmidt, J. 1992. Aerobic Soil Metabolism of 14C-Pentachlorophenol. ABC Laboratories, Inc. Report 38353.

732. Schmidt, J. 1991. Anaerobic Soil Metabolism of 14C-Pentachlorophenol. ABC Laboratories, Inc. Report 38437.

733. Schmidt, J. 1992. Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of 14C-Pentachlorophenol. ABC Laboratories, Inc. Report 38354.

734. Schmidt, J. 1992. Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of 14C-Pentachlorophenol. ABC Laboratories, Inc. Report 38355.

735. Dionne, E. 1993. Pentachlorophenol-Bioconcentration and Elimination of 14C-Pentachlorophenol Residues by Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Springborn Laboratories, Inc. Report 92-12-4532.

736. Anon. (WHO). 1987. Environmental Health Criteria. Pentachlorophenol. ISBN 92-4-154271-3.

737. Hoberman, A. 1994. Developmental Toxicity (embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenic potential) study of pentachlorophenol administered orally via stomach tube to New Zealand White Rabbits. Argus Research Laboratories, Inc. Study 2119-002.

738. Hoberman, A. 1994. Developmental Toxicity (embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenic potential) study of pentachlorophenol administered orally via gavage to Crl:CD®BRVAF/Plus® presumed pregnant Rats. Argus Research Laboratories, Inc. Study 2119-002.

739. Exon, J. H. and L. D. Koller. 1982. Effects of Transplacental exposure to Chlorinated Phenols. Environmental Health Perspectives. 46: 137-140.

740. Welsh, J. J. et al. 1987. Teratogenic Potential of purified Pentachlorophenol and Pentachloroanisol in subchronically exposed Sprague-Dawley Rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 25: 163-172.

741. Exon, J. H. 1984. A Bioassay of Chlorinated Phenolic compounds: Toxicity, Pathogenicity, Carcinogenicity and Immune Modulation in Rats. Ph. D. Thesis. Graduate School, University of Idaho.

742. Xu, J. 1996. In vivo test for Chemical Induction of Micronucleated Polychromatic Erythrocytes in Mouse Bone Marrow Cells. SITEK Research Laboratories. Study 0371-1521.

743. Donnelly, K. C. 1990. Metabolism and Bacterial Mutagenicity of Binary mixtures of benzo(a)pyrene and polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 16: 1-9.

744. McConnell, E. E. 1989. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis studies of two Pentachlorophenol technical-grade mixtures in B6C3F1 mice. NTP TR 319. NIH Publication 89-2804. US Dep't. Health and Human Services.

745. Moriya, M. et al. 1983. Further Mutagenicity studies on Pesticides in Bacterial Reversion Assay Systems. Mutation Research 116:185-216.

746. Tennant, R. W. and J. Ashby. 1991. Classification according to Chemical Structure, Mutagenicity to Salmonella and level of Carcinogenicity of a further 39 Chemicals tested for Carcinogenicity by the US National Toxicology Program. Mutation Research. 257:209-227.

747. Ehrlich, W. 1990. The effect of Pentachlorophenol and its metabolite Tetrachlorohydroquinone on Cell Growth and the Induction of DNA damage in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Mutation Research. 244: 299-302.

748. Seiler, J. P. 1991. (no title given). Mutation Research. 257(1):27-47.

749. Campbell, S. and M. Jaber. 1993. Pentachlorophenol: An Acute Oral Toxicity study with the Northern Bobwhite. Wildlife International Ltd. Project 345-103.

750. Campbell, S. and M. Jaber. 1993. Pentachlorophenol: A dietary LC50 study with the Northern Bobwhite. Wildlife International Ltd. Project 345-101.

751. Campbell, S. and M. Jaber. 1993. Pentachlorophenol: A dietary LC50 study with the Mallard. Wildlife International Ltd. Project 345-102.

752. Mecler, F. J. 1996. Fifty-two week repeated dose Chronic Oral study of Pentachlorophenol administered via capsule to Dogs. TSI Mason Laboratories. Study 2-J31.

753. Anon. 1984. Handbook of Toxicology of Pesticides to Wildlife. p 63.

754. Gilbert, J. et al. 1990. Effects of Pentachlorophenol and other Chemical Preservatives on the Health of Wood-treatment Workers in Hawaii. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 19: 603-609.

755. Hoberg, J. R. 1993. Pentachlorophenol technical-Toxicity to the Marine Diatom, Skeletonema costatum. FIFRA Guideline 122-2 and 123-2. SLI report 92-12-4540, SLI study 12836.0692.6109.450. 61 p. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Submitted to The Pentachlorophenol Task Force, Washington, DC. Draft Report. Volume 4.

756. Hoberg, J. R. 1993. Pentachlorophenol technical-Toxicity to the Freshwater Diatom, Navicula pelliculosa FIFRA Guideline 122-2 and 123-2. SLI report 92-12-4521, SLI study 12836.0692.6108.440. 62 p. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Submitted to The Pentachlorophenol Task Force, Washington, DC.

757. Hoberg, J. R. 1993. Pentachlorophenol technical-Toxicity to the Freshwater green alga, Selanastrum capricornutum. FIFRA Guideline 122-2 and 123-2. SLI report 92-10-4481, SLI study 12836.0692.6107.450. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Submitted to The Pentachlorophenol Task Force, Washington, DC.

758. Hoberg, J. R. 1993. Pentachlorophenol technical-Toxicity to the Freshwater blue-green alga, Anabaena flos-aquae. FIFRA Guideline 122-2 and 123-2. SLI report 92-11-4502, SLI study 12836.0692.6110.420. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Submitted to The Pentachlorophenol Task Force, Washington, DC.

759. Hoberg, J. R. 1993. Pentachlorophenol technical-Toxicity to the duckweed, Lemna gibba. FIFRA Guideline 122-2 and 123-2. SLI report 92-1-4560, SLI study 12836.0692.6111.410. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Submitted to The Pentachlorophenol Task Force, Washington, DC.

760. Samis, A. J. W., P. W. Colgan and P. H. Johansen. 1991. A Comparison of the Effects of Subchronic and Acute spill-mimicking Pentachlorophenol exposures on growth of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Aquat. Toxicol. 19(3): 231-240.

761. Samis, A. J. W., P. W. Colgan and P. H. Johansen. 1993. Pentachlorophenol and reduced food intake of bluegill. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 122(6): 1156-1160.

762. Stephenson, G. L., N. K. Kaushik and K. R. Solomon. 1991. Chronic Toxicity of a pure and technical grade Pentachlorophenol to Daphnia magna. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21:388-394.

763. Smith, A. D., A. Bharath, C. Mallard, D. Orr, K. Smith, J. A. Sutton, J. Vukmanich, L. S. McCarty and G. W. Ozburn. 1991. The Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Organic compounds to the American flagfish (Jordanella floridae). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20(1): 94-102.

764. Gotham, I. J. and G-Y. Rhee. 1982. Effects of a Hexachlorobiphenyl and Pentachlorophenol on Growth and Photosynthesis of Phytoplankton. J. Great Lakes Res. 8(2):328-335.


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