Water Quality
Ambient
Water Quality Guidelines for Chlorophenols
First
Update
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Recommended
Water Quality Guidelines
Guidelines for Water
Interim Aquatic Life Toxicity
Guidelines ** for Chlorophenols
Recreation
Industrial
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Definitions
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics
3. Dissemination of the Chlorophenols
4. The Fate of Chlorophenols in the Environment
5. Biological Effects of Chlorophenols
6. Drinking Water
7. Terrestrial Life
8. Aquatic Life
9. Irrigation
10. Recreation
11. Industrial
12. Research Needs
References
Alphabetical
Index of Authors of Reference
TABLES
Table 1.1.1 Summary: Water Quality Guidelines for Chlorophenols.
Table 1.1.2 Interim Aquatic Life Toxicity Guidelines ** for Chlorophenols.
Table 1.1.3 Taste Guidelines for Chlorophenols in Fish Muscle.
Table 1.3 Relative Toxicity of the Chlorophenols in Several Biological
Test Systems.
Table
2.1.1 The Chlorophenols: Formulae, Names and Molecular Weights.
Table 2.1.2 List of Alternate names for the Chlorophenols,
as found in the literature (655, and other references).
Table 2.3 Characteristics of the Chlorophenols.
Table 2.4 QSAR Analyses of the Relative Toxicity of the
Chlorophenols.
Table
3.2 Some Commercially Registered Products Containing Chlorophenols.
Table 3.3.1 Analyses of 2,4-DCP and 2,4-D Acid Samples
for Chlorinated
Table 3.3.2 The Concentrations of Chlorophenols found
in Commercial Products
Table 3.3.3 Contaminants
Present in Commercial PCP Products.
Table 3.3.4 Dioxins Present as Impurities in Commercial
PCP Products.
Table 3.3.5 Analyses of polychlorinated phenols for Dioxins
and Furans-1977.
Table 3.5.1 Chlorophenol Levels Detected in Fraser River
Water.
Table 3.5.2 PCP, TTCP and TCP levels in Water and Sediment
at SW BC Sites in 1978.
Table 3.5.3 PCP and TTCP Contamination of Canadian Foods.
Table 3.5.4 Chlorophenols Detected in Fraser River Biota.
Table 3.6.1 Summary of Chlorophenol Data from the Fraser
Estuary, 1973-1987.
Table
4.1 Fate of Chlorophenols in Water.
Table 4.1.5.1 Adsorption
of Chlorophenols on Bentonite Organic Clays.
Table 4.1.5.2 Partitioning of TCPs and TTCPs in the Lower
Rhine River.
Table 4.2.1 Chlorophenol Degradation Studies in Soil
and Sludge.
Table 4.2.3.1 Calculated Chlorophenol Bioconcentration
Factors.
Table 4.2.3.2. PCP Tissue levels and Bioaccumulation
Factors Relative to the Sediments.
Table 4.2.3.3. TTCP Tissue levels and Bioaccumulation
Factors Relative to the Sediments.
Table 4.2.3.4 Bioaccumulation Factors for PCP Relative
to Water.
Table 4.2.3.5 Bioaccumulation Factors Relative to Water
for Chlorophenols except PCP.
Table 4.2.3.6 Bioaccumulation Factors for Chlorophenols
Relative to the Sediments.
Table 4.2.3.7 The Effect of pH on Chlorophenol Toxicity
in guppies, Lebistes reticulata.
Table 4.2.3.8 Ratios of Chlorophenols in Water and Rainbow
Trout Tissues.
Table 4.2.3.9 PCP Uptake Rates in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus
mykiss, Tissues.
Table 4.2.3.10 PCP Elimination Rates in Rainbow Trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, Tissues.
Table 4.2.3.11 PCP Uptake Rates in Bluegill Sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus, Tissues.
Table 4.2.3.12 PCP Elimination Rates in Bluegill Sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus, Tissues.
Table 4.2.3.13 PCP Accumulation in a Fish, Shrimp and
Oyster from flowing seawater, over 96 hours.
Table 4.2.4.1 Depuration 1/2 Lives (DP50) of Chlorophenols
in Animals.
Table
5.0 Cytotoxicity, Fetotoxicity/Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity
of the Chlorophenols.
Table 5.6 Ames Mutagenicity Assays using Salmonella
typhimurium.
Table 5.8.1 The Product of the LC100 and the time it
takes to kill fish with PCP.
Table
6.2.1 Taste Thresholds for Chlorophenols in Drinking Water.
Table 6.2.2 Odour Thresholds
for Chlorophenols in Drinking Water.
Table 6.3 Literature Guidelines for Chlorophenols
in Drinking Water.
Table
7.1 The Toxicity of some Commercial Chlorophenol Preparations
to Pulp and Paper Fungi
and Bacteria.
Table 7.1.1 The Effect of Chlorophenols on Fungal
Growth.
Table 7.1.2 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Bacteria.
Table 7.2 The Effect of Chlorophenols in Water
on the Germination of Radish and Sorghum Seeds.
Table 7.5.1 The
Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Mammals.
Table 7.5.2 The
Effects of Chlorophenols on Mammals and Birds.
Table 7.7 Chlorophenol limits for Humans as Recommended
in the Literature.
Table
8.1.2 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Marine Algae.
Table 8.1.3.1 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Marine Molluscs.
Table 8.1.3.2 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Marine Worms.
Table 8.1.3.3 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Marine Crustaceans.
Table 8.1.3.4 The Effects of PCP on the Marine Polychaete Worm,
Ophryotrocha diadema.
Table 8.1.3.5 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Miscellaneous
Marine Invertebrates.
Table 8.1.3.6 Acute Toxicity of Chlorophenols to
the Grass Shrimp Palaemonetes pugio.
Table 8.1.4 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Marine
Fish.
Table 8.2.2 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Freshwater
Algae.
Table 8.2.5.1 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Aquatic
Plants.
Table 8.2.5.2 PCP Concentration vs. Effects on
Lemna minor, duckweed.
Table 8.2.6.1 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Aquatic
Insects.
Table 8.2.6.2 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Freshwater
Molluscs.
Table 8.2.6.3 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Protozoans
and Coelenterates.
Table 8.2.6.4 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Aquatic
Worms.
Table 8.2.6.5 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Aquatic
Crustaceans.
Table 8.2.6.6 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Cladocerans
(except Daphnia magna).
Table 8.2.6.7 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Daphnia
magna.
Table 8.2.6.8 The Effects of Pentachlorophenol
on the Snail Lymnaea acuminata.
Table 8.2.6.9 The Effects of pH and Temperature
on the mg/L of PCP needed to demonstrate a 96-h
LC50 response in the
Snail Physa gyrina.
Table 8.2.6.10 Summary of the Cladoceran Data.
Table 8.2.6.11. The Effect of temperature, duplicate testing and
test duration on the LC50 in mg/L to Sodium Chlorophenate
using Daphnia magna.
Table 8.2.6.12. The Effect of temperature, duplicate testing
and test duration on the LC50 in mg/L
to Sodium Chlorophenate using Daphnia
pulex.
Table 8.2.7 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Amphibians.
Table 8.2.8.1 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...CARP.
Table 8.2.8.2 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...MISCELLANEOUS
SPECIES.
Table 8.2.8.3 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...Lepomis
macrochirus (bluegill sunfish).
Table 8.2.8.4 The Effects of Pentachlorophenol
on Fish...Rasbora daniconius neilgeriensis.
Table 8.2.8.5 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...Pimephales
promelas (fathead minnows).
Table 8.2.8.6 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...Notopterus
notopterus.
Table 8.2.8.7 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...Oncorhynchus
Sp. (trout and salmon).
Table 8.2.8.8 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...Poecilia (Lebistes ) reticulata (guppies).
Table 8.2.8.9 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...Ictalurus
punctatus (channel catfish).
Table 8.2.8.10 The Effects of Chlorophenols on Fish...Salmo Sp.
Table 8.2.8.11 The Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Fish...Notropis
Sp.
Table 8.2.8.12
Summary of the Fish Data from Tables 8.2.8.1 to
8.2.8.11.
Table 8.3.1 Taste Thresholds for Chlorophenols
in Fish Muscle.
Table 8.3.2 Literature Water Levels and Guidelines
to Prevent Taste Problems in Fish Flesh.
Table 8.4.1 Literature Guidelines or Objectives
for the Protection of Aquatic Life from Chlorophenols.
Table 8.5.1 Raw
Aquatic Life Toxicity Guidelines for Chlorophenols
in µg/L at 10C.
Table 8.5.1.1 Constants used in Calculating Raw
Aquatic Life Toxicity Guidelines for Chlorophenols
at different
pH values.
Table 8.5.2 Recommended Chlorophenol Guidelines
to Prevent Tainting of Fish Muscle.
Table 8.6.1 Calculated or Experimental No Observed Effect and Non-Lethal
Levels of Chlorophenols to Freshwater Life.
Table 8.6.2 The Lowest Literature LC50 values for
Freshwater Life.
Table 8.6.3 The Lowest Literature Effect Level
for Freshwater Life.
Table 8.6.4 The Lowest Literature LC50 values for
Marine Life.
Table 8.6.5 The Lowest Literature Effect Level
for Marine Life.
Table 8.6.6 Chlorophenol
Guidelines Calculations in µg/L.
Table 8.6.7 The
Lowest Values found in the Literature for the Specified
Response: in µg/L.
Table 8.6.8 Chlorophenol
Guidelines: calculated in µg/L, at
10ºC, from pH 5.7 to pH 9.2.
