References

Water Quality

Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Colour in British Columbia: Technical Appendix

11. References

Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. 1979. Water Quality Standards. Alaska Water Pollution Control Program, Juneau, Alaska.

Alberta Environmental Protection. 1994. Alberta Ambient Surface Water Quality Interim Guidelines. Storm Effluent Monitoring Program, Edmonton, Alberta,

Alvo, R., D. J. T. Hussel and M. Berrill. 1988. The breeding success of common loons (Gavia immer) in relation to alkalinity and other lake characteristics in Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 66:746-752.

APHA. 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

Arvola, L. 1986. Spring phytoplankton of 54 small lakes in southern Finland. Hydrobiologia 137:125-134.

Atlas, D. and T. T. Bannister. 1980. Dependence on mean spectral extinction coefficient of phytoplankton on depth, water color, and species. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25:157-159.

Australia. 1992. Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council.

BC Environment. 1995. Derivation of water quality criteria to protect aquatic life in British Columbia. Water Quality Branch, Environmental Protection Department, Victoria, British Columbia.

Beauchamp, S. T. and J. Kerekes. 1989. Effects of acidity and DOC on phytoplankton community structure and production in three acid lakes (Nova Scotia). Water Air Soil Pollut. 46:323-333.

Bennett, L. E. and M. Drikas. 1993. The evaluation of colour in natural waters. Wat. Res. 27:1209-1218.

Bilby, R. E. and P. A. Bisson. 1992. Allochthonous versus autochthonous organic matter contributions to the trophic support of fish populations in clear-cut and old-growth forested systems. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:540-551.

Borgerding, A. J. and R. A. Hites. 1994. Identification and measurement of food and cosmetic dyes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:1278-1284.

Boyd, I. T., C. J. P. McKean, R. N. Nordin and B. D. Wilkes. 1985. Skeena, Nass area. Kathlyn, Seymour, Round and Tyhee lakes: Water quality assessment and objectives. Ministry of Environment and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia.

Brezonik, P. L. 1978. Effect of organic color and turbidity on Secchi disk transparency. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 1410-1416.

Brown, D. 1987. Effects of colorants in the aquatic environment. Ecotox. Env. Saf. 13:139-147.

Bukata, R. P., J. E. Bruton and J. H. Jerome. 1983. Use of chromaticity in remote measurements of water quality. Remote Sensing of the Environment 13:161-177.

Butcher, G. A. 1992. Lower Columbia River, Hugh Keenleyside dam to Birchbank, water quality assessment and objectives. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia.

CCME. 1987 and updates. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Ottawa, Ontario.

Chapman, D. 1992. Water Quality Assessment: A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.

Christensen, D. L., S.R. Carpenter, K. L. Cottingham, S. E. Knight, J. P. LeBouton, D. E. Schindler, N. Voichick, J. J. Cole and M. L. Pace. 1996. Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41:553-559.

Crowther, J. and J. Evans. 1981. Estimating colour in Hazen units by spectrophotometry. J. Amer. Wat. Works Assoc. 5:265-270.

Davies-Colley, R. J., W. N. Vant and R. J. Wilcock. 1988. Lake water color: Comparison of direct observations with underwater spectral irradiance. Wat. Resour. Bull. 24:11-18.

Davies-Colley, R. J. and D. G. Smith. 1992. Offsite measurement of the visual clarity of waters. Wat. Res. 28:951-957.

Del Giorgio, P. A. and R. H. Peters. 1994. Patterns in planktonic P:R ratios in lakes: Influence of lake trophy and dissolved organic carbon. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39:772-787.

Detenbeck, N. E., C. A. Johnston, and G. J. Niemi. 1993. Wetland effects on lake water quality in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Landscape Ecol. 8:39-61.
EEC. 1976. Council Directive 76/160/EEC, Official Journal No. L31/1. European Economic Council.

Effler, S. W. and M. T. Auer. 1987. Optical heterogeneity in Green Bay. Wat. Resour. Bull. 23:937-942.

Eloranta, P. 1978. Light penetration in different types of lakes in central Finland. Holarctic Ecol. 1:362-366.

EN-ISO. 1994. Water Quality - Examination and Determination of Colour. International Organization for Standardization and European Committee for Standardization.

Environment Canada. 1989. Methods Manual. National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario.

Forsberg, C. 1992. Will an increased greenhouse impact in Fennoscandia give rise to more humic and coloured lakes? Hydrobiologia 229:51-58.

Freifelder, D. 1985. Principles of Physical Chemistry. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts.

Gallegos, C. L. and W. J. Kenworthy. 1996. Seagrass depth limits in the Indian River Lagoon (Florida, U.S.A.): Application of an optical water quality model. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 42: 267-288.

Gilbert, R.O. 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. New York.

Haines, T. A., V. T. Komov, V. E. Matey and C. H. Jagoe. 1995. Perch mercury content is related to acidity and color of 26 Russian lakes. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 85:823-828.

H_kanson, L. 1993. A model to predict lake water colour. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 78:107-137.

Hatfield Consultants Ltd. 1994. Upper Fraser River environmental effects monitoring (EEM) pre-design reference document. Prepared for Northwood Pulp & Timber Ltd., Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Quesnel River Pulp Company and Cariboo Pulp & Paper Company, Vancouver, British Columbia.

Haynes, D., P. Rayment, K. Raynes and P. R. L. Mosse. 1994. Laboratory-based investigation into the potential for algal proliferation in Lake Coleman, Victoria. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 45:625-634.

Health Canada. 1996. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Heglund, P. J., J. R. Jones, L. H. Frederickson and M. S. Kaiser. 1994. Use of boreal forested wetlands by Pacific loons (Gavia pacifica Lawrence) and horned grebes (Podiceps auritus l.): Relations with limnological characteristics. Hydrobiologia 279/280:171-183.

Heikkinen, K. 1994. Organic matter, iron and nutrient transport and nature of dissolved organic matter in the drainage basin of a boreal humic river in northern Finland. Sci. Total Env. 152:81-89.

Henebry, M. S. and J. Cairns, Jr. 1984. Protozoan colonization rates and trophic status of some freshwater wetland lakes. J. Protozool. 31:456-467.

Hessen, D. O. 1985. The relation between bacterial carbon and dissolved humic compounds in oligotrophic lakes. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31:215-224.

Hongve, D. and G. Akesson. 1996. Spectrophotometric determination of water color in hazen units. Wat. Res. 30:2771-2775.

Hutchinson, N. J. and J. B. Sprague. 1987. Reduced lethality of aluminum zinc and copper mixtures to American flagfish by complexation with humic substances in acidified soft waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:755-766.

Ilmavirta, V. and P. Huttunen. 1989. Water chemistry and phytoplankton communities in acidic clear and brown-water lakes in eastern Finland. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 46:415-432.

James, H. R. and E. A. Birge. 1938. A laboratory study of the absorption of light by lake waters. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 31:1-154.

Jerlov, N. G. 1976. Marine Optics. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Jerome, J. H., R. P. Bukata, P. H. Whitfield and N. Rousseau. 1994a. Colours of natural waters: 2. Observations of spectral variations in British Columbia rivers. Northwest Sci. 68:53-64.

Jerome, J. H., R. P. Bukata, P. H. Whitfield and N. Rousseau. 1994b. Colours of natural waters: 1. Factors controlling the dominant wavelength. Northwest Sci. 68:43-52.

Juarez, L. M., K. H. Holtschmit, J. J. Salmeron and M. K. Smith. 1987. The effects of chemical and visual communication, space availability, and substratum color on growth of the juvenile fresh-water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 110:285-295.

Kullberg, A. 1992. Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in 20 streams of varying pH and humic content. Environ. Pollut. 78:103-106.

Lan, Z., N. K. Kaushik, A. M. Gordon, E. Mallory, K. Bowen, R. W. Bachmann, J. R. Jones, R. H. Peters and D. M. Soballe. 1995. The influence of wood debris on algal development and water quality in the forest-lake ecotone of an oligotrophic source lake. Lake Reservoir Manage. 11:159.

McCrum, W. A. 1984. The use of second-order derivative spectroscopy in the investigation of sources of colored pollutants in water. Wat. Res. 18:1249-1252.

McPherson, B. F. and R. L. Miller. 1987. The vertical attenuation of light in Charlotte Harbor, a shallow, subtropical estuary, South-western Florida USA. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 25:721-737.

Midgley, J. and G. Schafer. 1992. Correlates of water colour in streams rising in Southern Cape catchments vegetated by fynbos and/or forest. Water SA 18:93-100.

Mierle, G. and R. Ingram. 1991. The role of humic substances in the mobilization of mercury from watersheds. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 56:349-357.

Ministere de l'environnement du Quebec. 1992. Criteres de qualite de l'eau. Minstere de l'environnement du Quebec, Quebec.

Mitchell, G. and A. T. McDonald. 1995. Catchment characterization as a tool for upland water-quality management. J. Environ. Manage. 44:83-95.

Mitchell, G. N. 1990. Natural discoloration of water: Chemical composition and environmental genesis. Proc. Phy. Geog. 14:317-334.

National Health and Welfare. 1993. Water Treatment Principles and Applications. Environmental Health Directorate, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario.

New Zealand. 1994. Water Quality Guidelines No. 2. Guidelines for the Management of Water Colour and Clarity. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand.

NH & MRC and AWRC. 1987. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.

Nijman, R. A. 1993. Water quality assessment and objectives for Yakoun River and tributaries, Queen Charlotte Islands. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia.

Nilssen, J. P. 1982. Acidification in southern Norway: Seasonal variation of aluminum in lake waters. Hydrobiologia 94:217-222.

Nilsson, A. and L. Häkanson. 1992. Relationships between mercury in lake water, water colour and mercury in fish. Hydrobiologia 235/236:675-683.

Nordin, R. N. and D. W. Holmes. 1992. Thompson River water quality assessment and objectives. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia.

Orth, R. J. and K. A. Moore. 1983. Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:5153

Parker, R. R. and J. Sibert. 1976. Responses of phytoplankton to renewed solar radiation in a stratified inlet. Wat. Res. 10:123-128.

Power, T. D., T. B. Herman, and J. Kerekes. 1994. Water colour as a predictor of local distribution of Blanding's turtles, Emydoidea blandingii, in Nova Scotia. Can. Field-Nat. 108:17-21.

Reckhow, D. A. and P. C. Singer. 1990. Chlorination by-products in drinking waters: From formation potentials to finished water concentrations. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 82:173-180.

Richardson, M. L. and A. Waggott. 1981. Occurrence and fate of certain triphenylmethane blue dyestuffs in the aquatic environment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 5:424-436.

Rook, J. 1977. Chlorination reactions of fulvic acids in natural waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11:478-482.

Sheath, R.G., M. O. Morison, J. E. Korch, D. Kaczmarczyk and K. M. Cole. 1986. Distribution of stream macroalgae in south-central Alaska USA. Hydrobiologia 135:259-270.

Shields, F. D. J. and T. G. Sanders. 1986. Water quality effects of excavation and diversion. J. Environ. Eng. 112:211-219.

Smith, D. G., A. M. Cragg and G. F. Croker. 1991. Water clarity criteria for bathing waters based on user perception. J. Environ. Manage. 33:285-299.

Smith, D. G., G. F. Croker and K. McFarlane. 1995. Human perception of water appearance. 1. Clarity and colour for bathing and aesthetics. New Zealand J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 29:29-43.

Smith, D. G. and R. J. Davies-Colley. 1992. Perception of water clarity and colour in terms of suitability for recreational use. J. Environ. Manag. 36:225-235.

Smith, D. G. and J. A. Perrone. 1996. Laboratory experiments to investigate human sensitivity to changes in water clarity. J. Environ. Manage. 48:139-154.

Symons, J. M., A. A. Stevens, R. M. Clark, E. E. Geldreich, O. T. Love and J. DeMarco. 1982. Treatment Techniques for Controlling Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.

Takahashi, M. 1991. Guidelines for environmental enhancement in Japan. Wat. Sci. Tech. 24:133-142.

Taylor, B. R. 1994. Toxicity of aspen wood leachate to aquatic life. Part II: Field study. Prepared for Environmental Protection Branch, Northern Interior Region, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia.

Thomson, K. P. B. and J. Jerome. 1975. In situ colour measurements on the Great Lakes. Scientific Series No. 51, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario.

Tranvik, L., P. Larsson, L. Okla and O. Regnell. 1991. In situ mineralization of chlorinated phenols by pelagic bacteria in lakes of differing humic content. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:195-200.

Tratnyek, P. G., M. S. Elovitz and P. Colverson. 1994. Photoeffects of textile dye wastewaters: Sensitization of singlet oxygen formation, oxidation of phenols and toxicity to bacteria. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:27-33.

US EPA. 1972. Water Quality Criteria. National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

US EPA. 1976. Quality Criteria for Water. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

US EPA. 1980. Water Quality Standards. Criteria summaries. A compilation of state/federal criteria. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

US EPA 1988. Water quality standards. Criteria summaries. A compilation of state/federal criteria. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

Vegas-Vilarrubia, T. 1995. Distribution of the phytoplankton from the Guri reservoir (Venezuela). Hydrobiologia 310:33-46.

Webber, T. N. 1996a. State of water quality of Kootenay River at Creston 1979-1995. Canada - British Columbia Water Quality Monitoring Agreement, BC Environment, Victoria, British Columbia.

Webber, T. N. 1996b. State of water quality of the Bear River at Stewart, B.C. 1987-1994. Canada - British Columbia Water Quality Monitoring Agreement, BC Environment, Victoria, British Columbia.

Webber, T. N. 1996c. State of water quality of Salmon River near Hyder, Alaska 1982-1994. Canada - British Columbia Water Quality Monitoring Agreement, BC Environment, Victoria, British Columbia.

Wipperman, B. and T. N. Webber. 1996c. State of water quality of Okanagan River at Oliver 1980 - 1995. Canada - British Columbia Water Quality Monitoring Agreement, BC Environment, Victoria, British Columbia.

Weis, M., G. Abbt-Braun and F. H. Frimmel. 1989. Humic-like substances from landfill leachates - Characterization and comparison with terrestrial and aquatic humic substances. Sci. Total Env. 81/82:343-352.

Wetzel, R.G. 1975. Limnology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

WHO. 1983. Guidelines for Drinking Water. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Wilson, R. C. H. 1972. Prediction of copper toxicity in receiving waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada 29:1500-1502.

Winner, R. W. 1985. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of copper as affected by interactions between humic acid and water hardness. Wat. Res. 19:449-455.


	Water Quality Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Colour in British Columbia: Technical Appendix 11. References Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. 1979. Water Quality Standards. Alaska Water Pollution Control Program, Juneau, Alaska. Alberta Environmental Protection. 1994. Alberta Ambient Surface Water Quality Interim Guidelines. Storm Effluent Monitoring Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Alvo, R., D. J. T. Hussel and M. Berrill. 1988. The breeding success of common loons (Gavia immer) in relation to alkalinity and other lake characteristics in Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 66:746-752. APHA. 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Arvola, L. 1986. Spring phytoplankton of 54 small lakes in southern Finland. Hydrobiologia 137:125-134. Atlas, D. and T. T. Bannister. 1980. Dependence on mean spectral extinction coefficient of phytoplankton on depth, water color, and species. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25:157-159. Australia. 1992. Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council. BC Environment. 1995. Derivation of water quality criteria to protect aquatic life in British Columbia. Water Quality Branch, Environmental Protection Department, Victoria, British Columbia. Beauchamp, S. T. and J. Kerekes. 1989. Effects of acidity and DOC on phytoplankton community structure and production in three acid lakes (Nova Scotia). Water Air Soil Pollut. 46:323-333. Bennett, L. E. and M. Drikas. 1993. The evaluation of colour in natural waters. Wat. Res. 27:1209-1218. Bilby, R. E. and P. A. Bisson. 1992. Allochthonous versus autochthonous organic matter contributions to the trophic support of fish populations in clear-cut and old-growth forested systems. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:540-551. Borgerding, A. J. and R. A. Hites. 1994. Identification and measurement of food and cosmetic dyes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:1278-1284. Boyd, I. T., C. J. P. McKean, R. N. Nordin and B. D. Wilkes. 1985. Skeena, Nass area. Kathlyn, Seymour, Round and Tyhee lakes: Water quality assessment and objectives. Ministry of Environment and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia. Brezonik, P. L. 1978. Effect of organic color and turbidity on Secchi disk transparency. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 1410-1416. Brown, D. 1987. Effects of colorants in the aquatic environment. Ecotox. Env. Saf. 13:139-147. Bukata, R. P., J. E. Bruton and J. H. Jerome. 1983. Use of chromaticity in remote measurements of water quality. Remote Sensing of the Environment 13:161-177. Butcher, G. A. 1992. Lower Columbia River, Hugh Keenleyside dam to Birchbank, water quality assessment and objectives. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia. CCME. 1987 and updates. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Ottawa, Ontario. Chapman, D. 1992. Water Quality Assessment: A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K. Christensen, D. L., S.R. Carpenter, K. L. Cottingham, S. E. Knight, J. P. LeBouton, D. E. Schindler, N. Voichick, J. J. Cole and M. L. Pace. 1996. Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41:553-559. Crowther, J. and J. Evans. 1981. Estimating colour in Hazen units by spectrophotometry. J. Amer. Wat. Works Assoc. 5:265-270. Davies-Colley, R. J., W. N. Vant and R. J. Wilcock. 1988. Lake water color: Comparison of direct observations with underwater spectral irradiance. Wat. Resour. Bull. 24:11-18. Davies-Colley, R. J. and D. G. Smith. 1992. Offsite measurement of the visual clarity of waters. Wat. Res. 28:951-957. Del Giorgio, P. A. and R. H. Peters. 1994. Patterns in planktonic P:R ratios in lakes: Influence of lake trophy and dissolved organic carbon. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39:772-787. Detenbeck, N. E., C. A. Johnston, and G. J. Niemi. 1993. Wetland effects on lake water quality in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Landscape Ecol. 8:39-61. EEC. 1976. Council Directive 76/160/EEC, Official Journal No. L31/1. European Economic Council. Effler, S. W. and M. T. Auer. 1987. Optical heterogeneity in Green Bay. Wat. Resour. Bull. 23:937-942. Eloranta, P. 1978. Light penetration in different types of lakes in central Finland. Holarctic Ecol. 1:362-366. EN-ISO. 1994. Water Quality - Examination and Determination of Colour. International Organization for Standardization and European Committee for Standardization. Environment Canada. 1989. Methods Manual. National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario. Forsberg, C. 1992. Will an increased greenhouse impact in Fennoscandia give rise to more humic and coloured lakes? Hydrobiologia 229:51-58. Freifelder, D. 1985. Principles of Physical Chemistry. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts. Gallegos, C. L. and W. J. Kenworthy. 1996. Seagrass depth limits in the Indian River Lagoon (Florida, U.S.A.): Application of an optical water quality model. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 42: 267-288. Gilbert, R.O. 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. New York. Haines, T. A., V. T. Komov, V. E. Matey and C. H. Jagoe. 1995. Perch mercury content is related to acidity and color of 26 Russian lakes. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 85:823-828. H_kanson, L. 1993. A model to predict lake water colour. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 78:107-137. Hatfield Consultants Ltd. 1994. Upper Fraser River environmental effects monitoring (EEM) pre-design reference document. Prepared for Northwood Pulp & Timber Ltd., Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Quesnel River Pulp Company and Cariboo Pulp & Paper Company, Vancouver, British Columbia. Haynes, D., P. Rayment, K. Raynes and P. R. L. Mosse. 1994. Laboratory-based investigation into the potential for algal proliferation in Lake Coleman, Victoria. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 45:625-634. Health Canada. 1996. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Heglund, P. J., J. R. Jones, L. H. Frederickson and M. S. Kaiser. 1994. Use of boreal forested wetlands by Pacific loons (Gavia pacifica Lawrence) and horned grebes (Podiceps auritus l.): Relations with limnological characteristics. Hydrobiologia 279/280:171-183. Heikkinen, K. 1994. Organic matter, iron and nutrient transport and nature of dissolved organic matter in the drainage basin of a boreal humic river in northern Finland. Sci. Total Env. 152:81-89. Henebry, M. S. and J. Cairns, Jr. 1984. Protozoan colonization rates and trophic status of some freshwater wetland lakes. J. Protozool. 31:456-467. Hessen, D. O. 1985. The relation between bacterial carbon and dissolved humic compounds in oligotrophic lakes. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31:215-224. Hongve, D. and G. Akesson. 1996. Spectrophotometric determination of water color in hazen units. Wat. Res. 30:2771-2775. Hutchinson, N. J. and J. B. Sprague. 1987. Reduced lethality of aluminum zinc and copper mixtures to American flagfish by complexation with humic substances in acidified soft waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:755-766. Ilmavirta, V. and P. Huttunen. 1989. Water chemistry and phytoplankton communities in acidic clear and brown-water lakes in eastern Finland. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 46:415-432. James, H. R. and E. A. Birge. 1938. A laboratory study of the absorption of light by lake waters. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 31:1-154. Jerlov, N. G. 1976. Marine Optics. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Jerome, J. H., R. P. Bukata, P. H. Whitfield and N. Rousseau. 1994a. Colours of natural waters: 2. Observations of spectral variations in British Columbia rivers. Northwest Sci. 68:53-64. Jerome, J. H., R. P. Bukata, P. H. Whitfield and N. Rousseau. 1994b. Colours of natural waters: 1. Factors controlling the dominant wavelength. Northwest Sci. 68:43-52. Juarez, L. M., K. H. Holtschmit, J. J. Salmeron and M. K. Smith. 1987. The effects of chemical and visual communication, space availability, and substratum color on growth of the juvenile fresh-water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 110:285-295. Kullberg, A. 1992. Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in 20 streams of varying pH and humic content. Environ. Pollut. 78:103-106. Lan, Z., N. K. Kaushik, A. M. Gordon, E. Mallory, K. Bowen, R. W. Bachmann, J. R. Jones, R. H. Peters and D. M. Soballe. 1995. The influence of wood debris on algal development and water quality in the forest-lake ecotone of an oligotrophic source lake. Lake Reservoir Manage. 11:159. McCrum, W. A. 1984. The use of second-order derivative spectroscopy in the investigation of sources of colored pollutants in water. Wat. Res. 18:1249-1252. McPherson, B. F. and R. L. Miller. 1987. The vertical attenuation of light in Charlotte Harbor, a shallow, subtropical estuary, South-western Florida USA. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 25:721-737. Midgley, J. and G. Schafer. 1992. Correlates of water colour in streams rising in Southern Cape catchments vegetated by fynbos and/or forest. Water SA 18:93-100. Mierle, G. and R. Ingram. 1991. The role of humic substances in the mobilization of mercury from watersheds. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 56:349-357. Ministere de l'environnement du Quebec. 1992. Criteres de qualite de l'eau. Minstere de l'environnement du Quebec, Quebec. Mitchell, G. and A. T. McDonald. 1995. Catchment characterization as a tool for upland water-quality management. J. Environ. Manage. 44:83-95. Mitchell, G. N. 1990. Natural discoloration of water: Chemical composition and environmental genesis. Proc. Phy. Geog. 14:317-334. National Health and Welfare. 1993. Water Treatment Principles and Applications. Environmental Health Directorate, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario. New Zealand. 1994. Water Quality Guidelines No. 2. Guidelines for the Management of Water Colour and Clarity. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand. NH & MRC and AWRC. 1987. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia. Nijman, R. A. 1993. Water quality assessment and objectives for Yakoun River and tributaries, Queen Charlotte Islands. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia. Nilssen, J. P. 1982. 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