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Water Quality
Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Fluoride
Table
3.3 Effects of Fluoride Doses on Mammals**
mg/kg*
|
Species
|
Remarks
/ Effects
|
Reference
|
0.4
|
cattle
|
no
mottling of teeth
|
Anon
(Ohio), 1950
|
1.0
|
rats
|
mottled
teeth
|
Anon
(Ohio), 1950
|
1.0
|
cattle
|
mottled
teeth
|
Rand & Schmidt,
1952
|
1.0
|
cattle
|
mottled
teeth
|
Neeley & Harbough,
1954
|
3.0
|
cattle
|
bone
damage, lethal
|
Anon
(Ohio), 1950
|
4.4-12.0
|
man
|
chronic
fluorosis and effects on skeleton
|
Anon,
1943
|
5.0
|
man
|
no
harm except mottled teeth
|
Smith & Cox,
1952
|
5.0
|
man
|
no
harm except mottled teeth
|
Heyroth,
1952
|
5.0
|
man
|
no
harm except mottled teeth
|
Hilliboe & Ast,
1951
|
5.0
|
man
|
no
effect on height, weight or bones
|
McClure,
1945
|
5.0
|
cows
|
cows
did not like to drink the water
|
Smith et
al., 1945
|
5.0
|
sheep
|
slight
dental mottling
|
Pierce,
1952
|
6.0
|
man
|
mottled
teeth in 100% of children
|
Tratman,
1940
|
6.0
|
man
|
pitting
and chipping of tooth enamel
|
Smith et
al., 1936
|
6.0-16.0
|
hogs
|
severe
tooth mottling
|
Madsen,
1942
|
6.0-20.0
|
cattle
|
lethal
if given on consecutive days
|
Grunder,
1974
|
8.0
|
man
|
small
increase in bone density in 14% of people
|
Smith & Cox,
1952
|
8.0
|
man
|
small
increase in bone density in 14% of people
|
Heyroth,
1952
|
8.0
|
man
|
no
deleterious bone changes, but dental mottling
|
Libby,
1956
|
10.0
|
man
|
some
cases of skeletal fluorosis
|
Murthi et
al., 1953
|
10.0
|
mice
|
affects
strength of the bones
|
Roo et
al., 1972
|
10.0
|
rabbits
|
decrease
in several serum enzyme levels
|
Ferguson,
1976
|
11.8
|
man
|
chronic
fluoride intoxication in adults
|
Ockerse,
1941
|
11.8
|
cows
|
mottled
teeth
|
Ockerse,
1941
|
12.0
|
man
|
affects
deciduous teeth
|
Smith,
1935
|
13.7
|
man
|
mottled
teeth in 100% of children
|
Anon
(Ohio), 1950
|
15.0
|
mice
|
affects
thyroid and kidney
|
Rabovic,
1953
|
18.0
|
cows
|
slowly
increasing fluorosis
|
Rand & Schmidt,
1952
|
20.0
|
sheep
|
5%
weight loss
|
Pierce,
1952
|
20.0
|
guinea
pig
|
NaF
is lethal in 21 days after 16-22 successive daily doses
|
Constantini,
1933
|
25.0-100
|
calves
|
teeth
lesions
|
Anon,
1958
|
44.0-61.0
|
sheep
|
chronic
fluoride poisoning
|
Boddie,
1944
|
46.0
|
mouse
|
NaF,
LD50
|
Leone et
al., 1956
|
50.0
|
hampsters
|
dental
fluorosis in 10 weeks
|
Dale et
al., 1944
|
50.0
|
rats
|
reversible
increase in plasma fluoride
|
Singer et
al., 1976
|
50.0
|
rats
|
reversible
increase in plasma fluoride
|
Suketa et
al., 1976
|
50.0
|
rats
|
affects
strength of the bones
|
Cuggenheim et
al., 1976
|
50.0
|
rats
|
plasma
F rises over 2.0 mg/L in 1 hour then declines to normal
in 10 hours
|
Suketa et
al., 1976
|
50.0
|
rats
|
HF,
lethal
|
Manz,
1952
|
50.0
|
rats
|
NaF,
lethal after 3 daily doses in a row
|
Dybing & Loe,
1956
|
50.0-70.0
|
cattle
|
lethal
|
Grunder,
1974
|
55.0
|
cows
|
cows
dislike waters taste and drink less
|
Smith et
al., 1945
|
67.0
|
rat
|
increases
blood and plasma volumes
|
Kahl & Ewy-Dura,
1976
|
70-80
|
hampster
|
NaF,
LD50
|
Simonin & Pierron,
1937
|
100.0
|
rabbit
|
NaF,
lethal in 6.3 days after 3 alternate day doses
|
Dalla
Volta, 1924
|
100.0
|
cattle
|
no
economic harm
|
Anon,
1960
|
100.0
|
rat
|
affects
strength of the bones
|
Riggens et
al., 1976
|
115.0
|
man
|
sub-lethal
in drinking water
|
Anon
(AWWA), 1950
|
125.0
|
rats
|
Na2SiF6,
Oral LD50
|
Anon
(MERCK), 1960
|
125.0
|
rabbit
|
Na2SiF6,
LD50
|
Muehlberger,
1930
|
125.0
|
rat
|
Na2SiF6,
LD50
|
Lehman,
1951
|
125.0
|
rat
|
Na2SiF6,
LD50
|
Sweetman & Bourne,
1944
|
150.0
|
rat
|
decrease
in red blood cell count
|
Kahl et
al., 1973
|
150.0
|
rat
|
reduce
breaking strength of the bones
|
Cuggenheim et
al., 1976
|
180.0
|
man
|
toxic
in drinking water
|
Kehoe et
al., 1944
|
180.0
|
rat,
female
|
NaF,
LD50
|
Lehman,
1951
|
180.0
|
rat,
female
|
NaF,
LD50
|
Likins & Zipkin
|
200.0
|
rabbit
|
NaF,
LD50
|
Muehlberger,
1930
|
200.0
|
guinea
pig
|
LiF,
Oral LD50
|
Simonin & Pierron,
1937
|
200.0
|
guinea
pig
|
MgSiF6 6H2O,
Oral LD50
|
Anon
(MERCK), 1960
|
245.0
|
rats
|
KF,
Oral, 24-hr. LD50
|
Maynard et
al., 1958
|
250.0
|
rat,
male
|
NaF
, LD50
|
Dybing & Loe,
1956
|
250.0
|
rat,
male
|
NaF
, LD50
|
Zipkin & Likins,
1957
|
250.0
|
guinea
pig
|
Na2SiF6,
Oral LD50
|
Simonin & Pierron,
1937
|
250.0
|
man
|
may
be toxic
|
|
250.0
|
man
|
may
be toxic
|
Anon
(H & W), 1979
|
250-450
|
man
|
causes
severe symptoms
|
Anon
(MERCK), 1960
|
350.0
|
guinea
pig
|
BaF2,
Oral LD50
|
Anon
(MERCK), 1960
|
500.0
|
man
|
lethal
|
Greenwood,
1940
|
1000.0
|
guinea
pig
|
MgF2,
Oral LD50
|
Anon
(MERCK), 1960
|
1500.0
|
rat
|
Na3AlF6,
lethal after 20-52 successive
|
Roholm,
1937
|
| |
|
daily
doses
|
|
2000
|
man
|
lethal
|
Anon
(AWWA), 1950
|
5000.0
|
guinea
pig
|
Oral
LD50
|
Simonin & Pierron,
1937
|
8000.0
|
rat
|
Na3AlF6,
lethal in 6 days after
successive
daily doses
|
Largent,
1948
|
mg/day
|
Species
|
Remarks
/ Effects
|
Reference
|
60.0
|
sheep
|
affected
teeth and bones
|
Peirce,
1938
|
65.0*
|
dogs
|
no
effect on internal organs
|
Heyroth,
1953
|
120.0
|
sheep
|
threshold
level for general health
|
Peirce,
1938
|
mg/L
|
Species
|
Remarks
/ Effects
|
Reference
|
0.2
|
man
|
mottled
teeth in 1% of children
|
Tratman,
1940
|
0.6
|
man
|
no
effect at or below this level
|
Kehoe et
al., 1944
|
0.7
|
man
|
mild
dental fluorosis in 8.5% of children
|
Hirsh,
1956
|
0.8
|
man
|
no
effect at or below this level
|
Smith et
al., 1936
|
0.8
|
man
|
no
effect at or below this level
|
Taylor,
1949
|
0.8-0.9
|
man
|
mild
mottling of teeth
|
Smith,
1935
|
0.8-1.5
|
man
|
threshold
for mottling of teeth
|
Hinman,
1938
|
0.9
|
man
|
mild
mottling of teeth
|
Smith et
al., 1936
|
0.9
|
man
|
mild
mottling of teeth
|
Smith,
1942
|
0.9
|
man
|
mottling
of teeth under high water use
|
Anon
(Ohio), 1950
|
0.9
|
man
|
critical
concentration for tooth mottling
|
Kehoe et
al., 1944
|
0.9
|
man
|
critical
concentration for tooth mottling
|
Clark & Mann,
1938
|
0.9-1.0
|
man
|
seldom
causes mottling in childrens teeth
|
McKee & Wolf,
1963
|
1.0
|
man
|
threshold
for mottling of teeth
|
Borts,
1949
|
1.0
|
man
|
mottling
of teeth in 10% of children
|
Tratman,
1940
|
1.0
|
man
|
mottling
of teeth in 10% of children
|
Dean,
1936
|
1.0
|
cattle
|
no
effect
|
Frens,
1945
|
1.0
|
sheep
|
fluoride
poisoning
|
Moule,
1944
|
1.0-2.0
|
man
|
mild
to moderate mottling of teeth
|
Smith et
al., 1936
|
1.2
|
man
|
no
effect
|
Anon
(Ohio), 1950
|
1.4
|
man
|
no
skeletal sclerosis
|
Anon
(Ohio), 1950
|
1.4-4.5
|
mice
|
mottling
of teeth
|
Rabovic,
1953
|
1.5
|
man
|
causes
dental fluorosis above this level
|
Anon
(H & W), 1979
|
1.5
|
man
|
causes
dental fluorosis above this level
|
Anon
(BC), 1982
|
1.7-1.8
|
man
|
mottled
teeth in 50% of children
|
Tratman,
1940
|
1.7-1.8
|
man
|
mottled
teeth in 50% of children
|
Dean,
1936
|
2.0
|
man
|
mottling
and weakening of tooth structure
|
Gabovich,
1950
|
2.0-3.0
|
man
|
fluoride
retained in the body
|
Kehoe et
al., 1944
|
2.0-3.0
|
man
|
mild
to severe mottling of teeth
|
Smith et
al., 1936
|
2.5
|
man
|
no
evidence of skeletal fluorosis
|
Heyroth,
1953
|
2.5
|
man
|
mottled
teeth in 75-80% of children
|
Kehoe et
al., 1944
|
2.5
|
man
|
mottled
teeth in 75-80% of children
|
Dean,
1936
|
3.0-4.0
|
man
|
no
endemic cumulative fluorosis in adults
|
McClure et
al., 1945
|
3.0-4.0
|
man
|
no
endemic cumulative fluorosis in adults
|
McClure & Kinser,
1944
|
3.0-6.0
|
man
|
severe
tooth mottling
|
Smith et
al., 1936
|
3.5-6.2
|
man
|
no
adverse effect on carpal bones of children
|
McCauley & McClure,
1954
|
4.0
|
man
|
mottled
teeth in 90% of children
|
Tratman,
1940
|
4.0
|
man
|
no
disorders except dental mottling
|
Knijhnikov,
1958
|
4.0
|
sheep
|
mottled
and pitted teeth
|
Boddie,
1944
|
4.4-12.0
|
man
|
chronic
fluorosis and effects on the skeleton
|
Linsman & McMurray,
1943
|
mg/animal
|
Species
|
Remarks
/ Effects
|
Reference
|
5.0
|
dog
|
hypotension
|
Richardson et
al., 1955
|
15.0-20.0
|
man
|
chronic
fluorosis after several years
|
Mitchell & Edman,
1953
|
50.0
|
guinea
pig
|
lethal
in 45 days after successive
alternate day
doses
|
Jeckeln,
1932
|
100
|
guinea
pig
|
lethal
after 4 successive daily doses
|
Bokenham,
1890
|
2500.0
|
man
|
lethal
|
Forrest et
al., 1957
|
4000.0
|
man
|
lethal
|
Anon
(MERCK), 1960
|
*
There are numerous references to the lethal dose for guinea
pigs being in the 50-223 mg/kg range for NaF and 60-250 mg/kg
range for Na2SiF6.
Rates are: mg Fluoride/kg
body weight of animal; mg Fluoride/L of drinking water; mg Fluoride/day/animal;
mg Fluoride/animal/time period specified under remarks.
** There is a 25 page
table in reference Anon. (NRC)-1980 giving the effects of various
fluoride doses on animals. See this reference for more examples
of this type of experiment.
  
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