Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Fluoride

Water Quality

Table 5.3 Effects of Fluoride on Aquatic Organisms other than Fish

F **	Freshwater Algae
mg/L	Salt	Organisms	Effects	Reference
2	-	Chlorella pyrendoidosa	37% decrease in growth rate	Smith & Woodson, 1965; Groth, 1975a; Groth, 1975b
10	NaF	Synechococcus leopoliensis	no effect on growth	Hekman et al., 1984
43	NaF	Scenedesmus sp.	4-day, 24°C toxic threshold	Bringmann & Kuhn, 1959a; Bringmann & Kuhn, 1959c
52	NaF	Synechococcus leopoliensis	13% decrease in log phase of growth	Hekman et al., 1984
52	NaF	Oscillatoria limnetica, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Ankistrodesmus braunii, Scenedesmus quadricauda Stephanodiscus minutus	no effect on: growth, dark O₂ uptake, F uptake, light O₂ evolution	Hekman et al., 1984

F **	Bacteria
mg/L	Salt	Organisms	Effects	Reference
81	NaF	Escherichia coli	toxic threshold 27°C	Bringmann & Kuhn, 1959a; Bringmann & Kuhn, 1959c
544	NaF	Escherichia coli Pseudomonas fluorescens Enterococcus sp.	no effect after 48-h culture or 4 months in storage	Vajdic, 1966

F **	Protozoans
mg/L	Salt	Organisms	Effects	Reference
102.2	NaF	Microregma	toxic effect threshold,	Bringmann & Kuhn, 1959a; Bringmann & Kuhn, 1959c
1000	NaF	free-living protozoans and rotifers	no effect on reproduction	Wantland, 1956
1700	NaF	free-living protozoans and rotifers	lethal	Wantland, 1956

F **	Marine Invertebrates
mg/L	Salt	Organisms	Effects	Reference
1.0	NaF	Portunus depurator (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
1.0	NaF	Cancer pagurus (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
1.0	NaF	Carcinus maenas (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
2.4	NaF	Portunus depurator (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
2.4	NaF	Cancer pagurus (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
2.4	NaF	Carcinus maenas (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
2.4	NaF	Mytilus edulis (mussel)	not lethal in 42-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
5.5	NaF	Penaeus indicus (prawn)	increased body weight and survival over controls @ 0.95 mg/L fluoride for 113 days	Hemens et al., 1975
5.5	NaF	Tylodisplax blephariskios (crab)	no survival effect over controls @ 0.95 mg/L fluoride for 113 days	Hemens et al., 1975
5.9	NaF	Penaeus indicus (prawn)	no growth or survival effects in 68-days	Hemens et al., 1975
5.9	NaF	Tylodisplax blephariskios (crab)	no survival effects in 68-days	Hemens et al., 1975
10	NaF	Penaeus indicus (prawn)	no mortality in 96-h @20°C	Hemens & Warwick 1972
10	NaF	Penaeus monodon (prawn)	no mortality in 96-h @20°C	Hemens & Warwick 1972
10	NaF	Portunus depurator (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
10	NaF	Cancer pagurus (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
10	NaF	Carcinus maenas (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
10	NaF	Mytilus edulis (mussel)	75% mortality in 30-d, 100% by 36-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
20	NaF	Callinectus sapidus (crab)	4.5% reduction in growth per moult	Moore, 1971
30	NaF	Portunus depurator (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
30	NaF	Cancer pagurus (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
30	NaF	Carcinus maenas (crab)	not lethal in 90-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
30	NaF	Mytilus edulis (mussel)	75% mortality in 14-d, 100% by 21-days	Wright & Davidson, 1975
32-128	_	(oysters)	100% mortality in 60-days	Connell & Miller, 1984
52	_	Palaemon pacificus (shrimp)	23-45% mortality in 72-days	Connell & Miller, 1984
52	NaF	Tylodisplax blephariskios (crab)	72-day survival rate is 32% of the controls @ l mg/L F, 25°C	Hemens & Warwick 1972
52	NaF	Palaemon pacificus (shrimp)	72-day survival rate is 71% of the controls @ 1 mg/L F, 25°C	Hemens & Warwick 1972
52	NaF	Paenaeus indicus (prawn)	no effect on survival to 72-days @ 25°C	Hemens & Warwick 1972
100	NaF	Paenaeus indicus (prawn)	no 96-h mortality @ 20°C	Hemens & Warwick 1972
100	NaF	Penaeus monodon (prawn)	no 96-h mortality @ 20°C	Hemens & Warwick 1972

F **	*Species: Daphnia* and other Cladocerans**
mg/L	Salt	Organisms/Conditions	Effects	Ref.
0.6	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 250 mg/L	affects long term reproduction	Dave, 1984
2.7	Na₃AlF₆	D. pulex soft water	48-h EC₅₀	Sanders & Cope, 1966
3.7	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 250 mg/L	7 and 21-day growth inhibition threshold	Dave, 1984
3.7	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 250 mg/L	parthenogenesis is stimulated below and inhibited above	Dave, 1984
4.4	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 250 mg/L	breakeven point for 21-day rate of reproduction	Dave, 1984
5.4	Na₃AlF₆	Simocephalus serrulatus	48-h EC₅₀	Sanders & Cope, 1966
8.9	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 250 mg/L	reduced median time of survival for fed neonates	Dave, 1984
10.0	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 250 mg/L	reduced median time of survival for unfed neonates	Dave, 1984
10.0	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	approximate lower threshold for reduced egg hatchability	Fieser et al., 1986
26	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	21-day impaired reproduction threshold	Fieser et al., 1986
29	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	reproduction breakeven (increasing egg production and decreasing hatching)	Fieser et al., 1986
35	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	21-day reduced neonate production to 44% of controls	Fieser et al., 1986
49	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	21-day 98% decrease in live young	Fieser et al., 1986
52	NaF	D. magna 25°C, hardness 169 mg/L	mortality threshold	Fieser et al., 1986
65	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	threshold for increasing egg production	Fieser et al., 1986
84-142	NaF-	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	no live young	Fieser et al., 1986
93	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	mortality threshold	Fieser et al., 1986
98	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 250 mg/L	48-h EC₅₀ for immobilization	Dave, 1984
110	NaF	D. magna hard water	no discernible effect	LeBlanc, 1980
122	NaF	Daphnia sp 23°C	mortality threshold	Bringmann & Kuhn, 1959a; Bringmann & Kuhn 1959c
124	NaF	D. magna 15°C, hardness 169 mg/L	2-day toxic threshold	Fieser et al., 1986
180	NaF	D. magna 25°C, hardness 169 mg/L	48-h LC₅₀	Fieser et al., 1986
295	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 250 mg/L	24-h EC₅₀ for immobilization	Dave, 1984
247	NaF	D. magna 20°C, hardness 169 mg/L	48-h LC₅₀	Fieser et al., 1986
270	NaF	D. magna, hard water	48-h EC₅₀	Bringmann & Kuhn, 1959a
340	NaF	D. magna, hard water	48-h EC₅₀	Leblanc, 1980
350	NaF	D. magna 15°C, hardness 169 mg/L	48-h LC₅₀	Fieser et al., 1986
680	NaF	D. magna, hard water	24-h EC₅₀	Leblanc, 1980

F **	*Species: Rana* (frogs)**
mg/L	Salt	Organisms	Effects	Reference
1.0	NaF	Rana pipiens	slows embryo growth rate	Cameron, 1940
1-10	NaF	Rana temporaria	delayed metamorphosis and histological changes in the thyroid gland	Kuusisto & Telkka, 1961
5-40	NaF	Rana pipiens *	no deaths in 30 days	Kaplan et al., 1964
50	NaF	Rana pipiens *	5% deaths in 30 days	Kaplan et al., 1964
100	NaF	Rana pipiens *	25% deaths in 30 days	Kaplan et al., 1964
150	NaF	Rana pipiens *	35% deaths in 30 days	Kaplan et al., 1964
200	NaF	Rana pipiens *	63% deaths in 30 days	Kaplan et al., 1964
250	NaF	Rana pipiens *	all died in 30 days	Kaplan et al., 1964
300	NaF	Rana pipiens *	all died in 24 days	Kaplan et al., 1964
1000	NaF	Rana pipiens *	lethal in 72 hours	Kaplan et al., 1964
1500	NaF	Rana pipiens *	lethal in 72 hours	Kaplan et al., 1964
2200	NaF	Rana pipiens *	lethal in 50 hours	Kaplan et al., 1964
2500	NaF	Rana pipiens *	lethal in 18 hours	Kaplan et al., 1964
2800	NaF	Rana pipiens *	lethal in 15 hours	Kaplan et al., 1964
3500	NaF	Rana pipiens *	lethal in 2 hours	Kaplan et al., 1964

* Estimated value, see Table 5.4; 25°C, hardness 12.

** The values are usually expressed as concentration of fluoride only, not the molecule used, but in some references it is not clear what is meant so some may actually be the molecular concentration. Where a range is given the values are the 95% confidence limits around the mean.