Previous PageTable Of Contents

13. REFERENCES

Adams, J. A., and Haileselassie. 1984. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1016 and 1254) on mortality, reproduction, and regeneration in Hydra oligactis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 493-499.

Adams, J. A., and Slaughter-Williams, S. 1988. The effects of PCB's (Aroclor 1254 and 1016) on fertilisation and morphology in Arbacia punctulata. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 38: 299-310.

Andersson, K., A. Norstrom, C. Rappe, B. Rasmuson, and H. Swahlin. 1973. Photochemical degradation of PCB's. National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Aug. 26-31, Chicago, Illinois (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Addison, R. F., M. E. Zinck, and D. E. Willis. 1978. Induction of hepatic mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzymes in trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) by feeding Aroclor 1254 or 3-methylcholanthrene. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61C: 323-325.

Ankley, G. T., V. S. Blazer, R. E. Reinert, and M. Agosin. 1986. Effects of Aroclor 1254 on cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase, glutathione s-transferase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities in channel catfish liver. Aquat. Toxicol. 9: 91-103.

Aulerich, R. J., R. K. Ringer, and J. Safronoff. 1986. Assessment of primary vs. secondary toxicity of Aroclor 1254 to mink. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 393-399.

Aulerich, R. J., S. J. Bursian, W. J. Breslin, B. A. Olson, and R. K. Ringer. 1985. Toxicological manifestations of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-, 2,3,6,2',3',6'-, and 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and Aroclor 1254 in mink. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 15: 63-79 (Cited from Eisler, 1986).

Bacci, E., and C. Gaggi. 1985. Polychlorinated biphenyls in plant foliage: translocation or volatilisation from contaminated soils? Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35: 673-681.

Ballschmiter, K., and M. Zell. 1980. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by glass capillary chromatography. Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 302: 20

Basturk, O, M. Dogan, I. Salihoglu, and T. Balkas. 1980. DDT, DDE, and PCB residue in fish, crustaceans and sediments from eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Marine Pollut. Bull. 11: 191-195 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Baxter, R. A., P. E. Gilbert, R. A. Lidgett, J. H. Mainprize, and H. A. Vodden. 1975. The degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by micro-organisms. The Science of the Total Environment 4: 53-61 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Beak Consultants Ltd. 1988. Development of sediment quality guidelines. Phase II - Guideline development. Report to Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario. Prepared by D. R. Hart, J. Fitchko, and P. M. McKee. (Sept. 88) (Cited from Chu, 1989).

Beaulieu, M. 1985. Ministère de l'environment de Québec, personal communication. (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Bernier, A. 1985. Environment Canada, EPS Quebec Region, personal communication. (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Boon, J. P., and J. C. Duinker. 1985. Kinetics of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) components in juvenile sole (Solea solea) in relation to concentrations in water and to lipid metabolism under conditions of starvation. Aquat. Toxicol. 7: 119-134.

Borgmann, U., W. P. Norwood, and K. M. Ralph. 1990. Chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of 2,5,2',5'- and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and Aroclor 1242 in the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 558-564.

Bridgham, S. D. 1988. Chronic effects of 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl on reproduction, mortality, growth, and respiration of Daphnia pulicaria. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17: 731-740.

British Columbia Ministry of Environment (BC MOE). 1989. Criteria for managing contaminated sites in British Columbia. Draft (#6) Report. Waste Management Program, Ministry of Environment. No. 21, 1989.

Bryan, A. M., and P. G. Olafsson. 1978. The effect of polychlorobiphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on bicarbonate-C14 uptake by Euglena gracilis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.19: 374-381.

Bryan, A. M., W. B. Stone, and P. G. Olafsson. 1987. Disposition of toxic PCB congeners in snapping turtle eggs: Expressed as toxic equivalents of TCDD. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39: 791-796.

Bryan, J. E., and E. V. Jensen. 1991. In: Memorandum to N.K. Nagpal from E.V. Jensen, Environmental Protection, Ministry of Environment, Penticton, BC

Buckley, E. H. 1982. Accumulation of airborne polychlorinated biphenyls in foliage. Science 216: 520-522.

Bush, B., K. W. Simpson, L. Shane, and R. R. Koblintz. 1985. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34: 195 (Cited from Hansen, 1987. In : S. Safe (ed.) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Mammalian and environmental toxicology).

Bush, B., L. Shane, L. R. Wilson, E. L. Barnard, and D. Barnes. 1986. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 285 (Cited from Hansen, 1987. In : S. Safe (ed.) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Mammalian and environmental toxicology).

Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers (CCREM). 1986. The PCB Story. p 1-32. 60 Bloor St. West, Suite 701, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4W3B8.

Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers (CCREM). 1987. Canadian water quality guidelines.

Canadian Water Quality Guideline (CWQG). 1991. Canadian Council of Environment Ministers (CCME) recommended guidelines Appendix VII. Updates (April 1991).

Carey, A. E., and J. A. Gowen. 1976. PCBs in agricultural and urban soils. In: Proc. of National Conference on PCBs. Nov. 19-21, 1975, Chicago, Illinois. p 195-198. EPA-560/6-75-004 (Cited from Garrett, 1985)

Chan, V. 1985. Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment, personal communication (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Chu, B. C 1989. Partition-based evaluative models in the development of Canadian sediment quality guidelines. Water Quality Objectives Division, Water Quality Branch, Environment Canada. 20 p.

Clark, R. R. 1979. Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by mixed microbial cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37: 680-689 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Cooley, N. R., J. M. Keltner Jr., and J. Forester. 1972. Mirex and Aroclor 1254: Effect on and accumulation by Tetrahymena pyriformis Strain W. J. Protozoology. 19: 636-638.

Cosper, E. M., B. J. Snyder, L. M. Arnold, L. A. Zaikowski, and C. F. Wurster. 1987. Induced resistance to polychlorinated biphenyls confers cross-resistance and altered environmental fitness in a marine diatom. Marine Environ. Res. 23: 207-222.

Cutkomp, L. K., H. H. Yap, D. Desaiah, and R. B. Koch. 1972. The sensitivity of fish ATPases to polychlorinated biphenyls. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1: 165-168.

Dalla Venezia, L., and V. U. Fossato. 1984. Effects of PCBs on Leander adspersus: toxicity, bioaccumulation, oxygen consumption, osmo-regulation. FAO/UNEP Meet. on the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Selected Substances in Marine Organisms, Rovinj (Yugoslavia), 3-9 Nov., 1984. p 39-49.

DeFoe, D. L., G. D. Veith, and R. W. Carlson. 1978. Effects of Aroclor 1248 and 1260 on the fathead minnow (P. promelas). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 997-1002.

Dill, D. C., M. A. Meyers, C. G. Mendoza, G. V. Boggs, and J. A. Emmitte. 1982. Comparison of toxicities of biphenyl, monochlorobiphenyl, and 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl to fish and Daphnids. In : J.G. Pearson, R.B. Foster, and W.E. Bishop (eds) Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard assessment Fifth Symposium, STP 766, Amer. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia. p 245-256 (Cited from Bridgham, 1988).

Edgren, M., M. Olsson, and L. Reutergardh. 1981. A one year study of the seasonal variations of DDT and PCB levels in fish from heated and unheated areas near a nuclear power plant. Chemosphere 10: 447-452 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Eisler, R. 1986. Polychlorinated biphenyl hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review. Biological Report 85(1.7), Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report No. 7, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 72 p.

Elder, V. A., B. L. Proctor, and R. A. Hites. 1981. Organic compounds found near the dump sites in Niagara Falls, New York. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15: 1237-1243 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Ernst, W. 1984. Pesticides and technical organic chemicals. In : O. Kinne (ed.) Marine Ecology 5(4) : 1617-1709. John Wiley, New York (Cited from Eisler, 1986).

Environment Canada 1985. National Manual for the Management of PCB wastes. Appendix G: Federal and Provincial regulations relating to PCBs. Environmental Protection Service Draft Report (1986) (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Environment Canada 1987. Summary of Environmental Criteria for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Report EPS 4/HA/1. Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E7.

Fairbanks, B. C, and G. A. O'Connor. 1984. Effect of sewage sludge on the adsorption of polychlorinated biphenyls by three New Mexico soils. J. Environ. Qual. 13: 297-300.

Fairbanks, B. C, G. A. O'Connor, and S. E. Smith. 1987. Mineralisation and volatilisation of polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge-amended soils. J. Environ. Qual. 16: 18-25.

Fishbein, L. 1974. Toxicity of chlorinated biphenyls. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 14: 139-156.

Fisher, N. S., and C. F. Wurster. 1973. Individual and combined effects of temperature and polychlorinated biphenyls on the growth of three species of phytoplankton. Environ. Pollut. 5: 205-212.

Fisher, N. S., E. J. Carpenter, C. C. Remsen, and C. F. Wurster. 1974. Effects of PCB on inter-specific competition in natural and gnotobiotic phytoplankton communities in continuous and batch cultures. Microbial Ecol. 1: 39-50.

Frank, R., R. L. Thomas, H. E. Braun, D. L. Gross, and T. T. Davies. 1981. Organochlorine insecticides and PCB in surficial sediments of Lake Michigan (1975). J. Great Lakes Res. 7: 42-50 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Fries, G. F. 1982. Potential polychlorinated biphenyl residue in animal products from application of contaminated sewage sludge to land. J. Environ. Qual. 11: 14-20.

Fries, G. F., and G. S. Marrow. 1981. Chlorobiphenyl movement from soil to soybean plant. J. Agric. Food Chem. 29: 757-759.

Fuhremann, T. W., and E. P. Lichtenstein. 1972. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 22: 628.

Garrett, C. L. 1983. An overview of PCBs and their current status in British Columbia. Regional Program Report: 83-16. Department of Environment, EPS, Pacific and Yukon Region.

Garrett, C. L. 1985. Chemicals in the Environment. Pacific and Yukon Region : III. Polychlorinated Biphenyls.32p.

Glooschenko, V., and W. Glooschenko. 1975. Effect of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds on growth of Great Lakes phytoplankton. Can. J. Bot. 53: 653-659.

Gooch, J. A., and M. K. Hamdy. 1983. Uptake and concentration of Aroclor 1254 in aquatic organisms. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31: 445-452.

Goyette, D., and J. Boyd. 1989. Distribution and environmental impact of selected benthic contaminants in Vancouver Harbour, British Columbia., 1985 to 1987. Regional Program Report: 89-02. Environmental Protection, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, West Vancouver, B.C.99p.

Grant, D. L. 1983. Regulation of PCBs in Canada. In : PCBs: F. M. D'Itri and M. A. Kamrin (eds.) Human and Environmental Hazards. Butterworth Publishers, Toronto. p.383-392 (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987)

Gruger, E. H., M. M. Wekell, P. T. Numoto, and D. R. Craddock. 1977. Induction of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in salmon exposed to petroleum dissolved in seawater and to petroleum and polychlorinated biphenyls, separate and together, in food. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17: 512-520.

Hansen, D. J., P. R. Parrish, J. I. Lowe, A. J. Wilson, Jr., and P. D. Wilson. 1971. Chronic toxicity, uptake, and retention of Aroclor 1254 in two estuarine fishes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6:113-119.

Hansen, D. J., S. C. Schimmel, and J. Forester. 1973. Aroclor 1254 in eggs of sheepshead minnows: Effect on fertilisation success and survival of embryos and fry. Proc. 27th Annu. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game Fish. Comm. p 420-426.

Hansen, D. J., S. C. Schimmel, and J. Forester. 1974. Effects of Aroclor 1254 on laboratory-reared embryos and fry of sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103: 582-586.

Hansen, D. J., S. C. Schimmel, and J. Forester. 1975. Effects of Aroclor 1016 on embryos, fry, juveniles, and adults of sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104: 584-588.

Hansen, L. G. 1987. Environmental toxicology of Polychlorinated biphenyls. In : S. Safe (ed.) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Mammalian and Environmental Toxicology. Environmental Toxin Series 1 (Edited by S. Safe and O. Hutzinger) Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. p 15-48.

Hansen, L. G., C. S. Byerly, R. L. Metcalf, and R. F. Bevill. 1975. Effect of a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture on swine reproduction and tissue residues. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 36: 23-26.

Haque, R., and D. W. Schmedding. 1979. Studies on the adsorption of selected polychlorinated biphenyl isomers on several surfaces. J. Environ. Sci. Health. B11: 129.

Haque, R., D. W. Schmedding, and V. H. Freed. 1974. Aqueous solubility, adsorption, and vapour behaviour of polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8: 139.

Harding, L. W. Jr., and J. H. Phillips Jr. 1978. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) effects on marine phytoplankton photosynthesis and cell division. Marine Biol. 49: 93-101.

Hawes, M. L., J. C. Kricher, and J. C. Urey. 1976. The effects of various Aroclor fractions on the population growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 14-18.

Hayes, M. A. 1987. Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of PCBs. In : S. Safe (ed.) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Mammalian and Environmental Toxicology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. p 77-95.

Health and Welfare Canada. 1975. Temporary guideline established for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish. News release no. 1975-144, 2p. (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Health and Welfare Canada. 1989. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Fourth Edition. Canadian Govt. Publ. Centre, Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0S9. 25 p.

Healy, W. B. 1968. Ingestion of soil by dairy cows. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 11: 487-499.

Hermanutz, R., and F. Puglisi. 1976. Comparative toxicity of Aroclor® 1016 and 1242 to flagfish (Jordanella floridae ) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas ). Duluth, Minnesota (Cited from U.S. EPA, 1980).

Hiraizumi, Y., M. Takahashi, and H. Nishimura. 1979. Adsorption of polychlorinated biphenyl onto sea bed sediment, marine plankton, and other adsorbing agents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13: 580.

Hutzinger, O, S. Safe, and V. Zitco. 1974. The Chemistry of PCBs. CRC Press, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. ISBN 0-87819-049-X

International Joint Commission (IJC). 1977. New and revised Great Lakes water quality objectives: Volume II (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

International Joint Commission (IJC). 1985. Great Lakes water quality objectives, guidelines, criteria, and standards (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Jan, J., and M. Tratnik. 1988. Polychlorinated biphenyls in residents around the River Krupa, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41: 809-814.

Johnson, W. W., and M. T. Finley. 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Summaries of toxicity tests conducted at Columbia National Fisheries Research Laboratory, 1965-78. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Resour. Publ. 137. 98p.

Johnston, N. T., L. T. Albright, T. G. Northcote, P. C. Oloffs, and K. Tsumura. 1975. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in fishes from the lower Fraser River. Rep. No. 9, Westwater Research Centre, The Univ. of British. Columbia., Vancouver, BC

Jones, K. C. 1988. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in human foodstuffs and tissues: Suggestions for a selective congener analytical approach. Sci. Total Environ. 68: 141-159 (Cited from McFarland and Clarke, 1989).

Kannan, N., S. Tanabe, and R. Tatsukawa. 1988. Toxic potential of non-ortho coplanar PCBs in commercial PCB preparations: " 2,3,7,8-T4CDD toxicity equivalence factors approach". Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41: 267-276.

Karickhoff, S. W., D. S. Brown, and T. A. Scott. 1979. Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments. Water Res. 13: 241.

Keil, J. E., C. D. Graber, L. E. Priester, and S. H. Sandifer. 1972. Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1242): Effects of uptake on E. coli growth. 1: 175-177

Kimbrough, R. D. 1985. Laboratory and human studies on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and related compounds. Environ. Health Pers. 59: 99-106.

Kimbrough, R. D., R. A. Squire, R. E. Linder, D. J. Strandberg, R. J. Montali, and V. W. Burse. 1975. Induction of liver tumours in Sherman strain rats by polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1260. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55: 1453-1459 (Cited from Kimbrough, 1985).

Koch, R. B., et al. 1972. Polychlorinated biphenyls: Effect of long-term exposure on ASTPase activity in fish, Pimephales promelas . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7: 87 (Cited from U.S. EPA, 1980).

Kuratsune, M., Y. Masuda, and J. Nagayama. 1976. Some recent findings concerning Yusho. Proceedings of the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Nov. 19-21, 1975, Chicago, Illinois. U.S.E.P.A Publication No. EPA-560/6-75-004, p 14-29 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Laake, M. 1984. In: M.C. Barros, H. Konemann, and R. Visser (eds) PCB Seminar Proceedings, Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, The Hague. 410p. (Cited from Hansen, 1987).

Larsson, C. M., and J. E. Tillberg. 1975. Effects of commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixture Aroclor®1242 on growth, viability, phosphate uptake, respiration and oxygen evolution in Scenedesmus. Physiol. Plant. 33: 256-260.

Lichtenstein, E. P., K. R. Schulz, T. W. Fuhremann, and T. T. Liang. 1969. Biological interaction between plasticizers and insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 761-765.

Long, E. R., and L. G. Morgan. 1990. The potential for biological effects of the sediment-sorbed contaminants tested in the National Status and Trends Program. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin. U.S.D.C., Seattle, Washington. NOAA Tech. Memo. NOS OMA 52.

Lowe, J. I., P. R. Parrish, J. M. Patrick Jr., and J. Forester. 1972. Effects of the polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254 on the american oyster Crassostrea virginica. Marine Biology 17: 209-214.

Lupp, M., and L. S. McCarty. 1989. Development of provincial water quality guidelines for chlorinated dioxins and furans. A report by MacLaren Plansearch Inc. for Ontario Ministry of Environment.

Lynch, T. R., and H. E. Johnson. 1982. Availability of a hexachlorobiphenyl isomer to benthic amphipods from experimentally contaminated natural sediments. In : J. G. Pearson, R. B. Foster, and W. E. Bishop (eds.) Aquatic Toxicity and Hazard Assessment: Fifth Conf. ASTM STP 766. Amer. Soc. Test. Mater. p.273-287.

MacKay, D. 1982. Correlation of bio-concentration factors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16: 274-278.

Maki, A. W., and H. E. Johnson. 1975. Effects of PCB (Aroclor 1254) and p,p'DDT on production and survival of Daphnia magna Strauss. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 412-416.

Maroni, N., A. Columbi, S. Cantoni, E. Ferioli, and V. Foa. 1981. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in electrical workers. I. Environmental and blood polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations. Br. J. Ind. Med. 38: 49-54.

Mauck, W. L., P. M. Mehrle, and F. L. Mayer. 1978. Effects of the polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254 on growth, survival, and bone development in brook trout (S. fontinalis). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 1084-1088.

Mayer, F. L., P. M. Mehrle, and H. O. Sanders. 1977. Residue dynamics and biological effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in aquatic organisms. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5: 501-511.

Mayer, K. S., F. L. Mayer, and A. Witt, Jr. 1985. Waste transformer oil and PCB toxicity to rainbow trout. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 114: 869-886.

Maxim, L. D., and L. Harrington. 1984. A review of the Food and Drug Administration risk analysis for polychlorinated biphenyls in fish. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm.4: 192-219.

McDermott, D. J., D. R. Young, and T. C. Heesen. 1975. Polychlorinated biphenyls in marine organisms off southern California. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project TM 223 (Cited from Garrett, 1983).

McDonald, C. J., and R. E. Tourangeau. 1986. PCBs: Question and answer guide concerning polychlorinated biphenyls. Commercial Chemical Branch, EPS, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

McFarland, V. A., and J. U. Clarke. 1989. Environmental occurrences, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: Considerations for a congener- specific analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 81: 225-239.

McKinney, J. D. 1976. Toxicology of selected symmetrical hexachlorobiphenyl isomers: correlating biological effects with chemical structure. Proceedings of the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Nov. 19-21, 1975, Chicago, Illinois. U.S.E.P.A Publication No. EPA-560/6-75-004, p 73-76 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

McLeese, D. W., C. D. Metcalfe, and D. S. Pezzack. 1980. Uptake of PCBs from sediment by Nereis virens and Crangon septemspinosa . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 507-518.

Melancon, M. J., and J. J. Lech. 1983. Dose-effect relationship for induction of hepatic mono-oxygenase activity in rainbow trout and carp by Aroclor 1254. Aquat. Toxicol. 4: 51-61 (Cited from Ankley et al., 1986).

Melancon, M. J., C. R. Elcombe, M. J. Vodicnik, and J. J. Lech. 1981. Induction of cytochromes P-450 and mixed-function oxidase activity by polychlorinated biphenyls and ß-naphthoflavone in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69C: 219-226 (Cited from Ankley et al., 1986).

Ministry of Housing, Planning and the Environment (MHPE). 1983. The Netherlands. Implementation of the Soil Clean-up (Interim) Act. 12p. (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Moore, D. R. J., and S. L. Walker 1991. Water quality guidelines for polychlorinated biphenyls in coastal and estuarine waters: IWD Scientific Series No. 186, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Moore, J. W., and S. Ramamoorthy. 1984. Organic Chemicals in Natural Waters: Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. p 168-191.

Moore, Jr., S. A., and R. C. Harriss. 1972. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl on marine phytoplankton communities. Nature 240: 356-358.

Mosser, J. L., N. S. Fisher, T-C. Teng, and C.F. Wurster. 1972. Polychlorinated biphenyls: Toxicity to certain phytoplankters. Science 174: 191-192.

Mullin, M. D., C. M. Pochini, S. McCrindle, M. Romkes, S. H. Safe, and L. M. Safe. 1985. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18:468 (Cited from Safe et al., 1987).

Murado, M. A., M. C. Tejedor, and G. Baluja. 1976. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 768. (Cited from Hansen, 1987).

National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 1979. Polychlorinated Biphenyls. A report prepared by the Committee on the Assessment of Polychlorinated biphenyls in the Environment. 182p.

National Cancer Institute (NCI). 1977. Bioassay of Aroclor 1254 for possible carcinogenicity. CAS No. 27323-18-8. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB-279 624/IGA, NCI-CGTR-38. DHEW/Pub. NCI, Washington, DC. NIH-78-838 (Cited from Kimbrough, 1985).

Nebeker, A. V., and F. A. Puglisi. 1974. Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on survival and reproduction of Daphnia, Gammarus, and Tanytarsus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 103: 722-728.

Nebeker, A. V., F. A. Puglisi, and D. L. DeFoe. 1974. Effect of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds on survival and reproduction of the fathead minnow and flagfish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 103: 562-568.

Nestel, H., and J. Budd. 1974. Chronic oral exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to a polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254): Pathological effects. Can. J. Comp. Med. 39: 208-215.

Niimi, A. J., and B. G. Oliver. 1989. Assessment of relative toxicity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in Lake Ontario salmonids to mammalian systems using toxic equivalent factors (TEF). Chemosphere 18: 1413-1423.

Nijman, R, and L. G. Swain. 1990. Coquitlam-Pitt River area, Burrard Inlet water quality assessment and objectives. Technical Appendix. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, British Columbia. 328 p.

Nimmo, D. R., D. J. Hansen, J. A. Couch, N. R. Cooley, P. R. Parrish, and J. I. Lowe. 1975. Toxicity of Aroclor 1254 and its physiological activity in several estuarine organisms. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 3: 22-39.

Nimmo, D. R., and L. H. Bahner. 1976. Metals, pesticides and PCBs: Toxicity to shrimp singly and in combination. In: M. Wiley (ed.) Estuarine Processes, Vol 1. Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary. Academic Press Inc., New York. p.523-532.

Nimmo, D. R., R. R. Blackman, A. J. Wilson, Jr., and J. Forester. 1971. Toxicity and distribution of Aroclor 1254 in the pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum. Marine Biology 11: 191-197.

Nutrition Canada. 1975. Food Consumption Patterns Report. A report from Nutrition Canada by the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Protection Branch, Department of National Health and Welfare Canada. 248 p.

O'Connors, Jr, H. B., C. F. Wurster, C. D. Powers, D. C. Biggs, and R. G. Rowland. 1978. Polychlorinated biphenyls may alter marine trophic pathways by reducing phytoplankton size and production. Science 201: 737-739.

Olafsson, P. G., and A. M. Bryan. 1987. Toxic congener-specific analysis of PCBs: assessment of toxicity in equivalents of TCDD. Anal. Let. 20: 1719-1727.

Olafsson, P. G., A. M. Bryan, and W. Stone. 1988. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the tissue of patients with Yusho or Yu-Chen: Total toxicity. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41: 63-70.

Oliver, B. G., and A. J. Niimi. 1983. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17: 287.

Oliver, B. G., and A. J. Niimi. 1985. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19: 842.

Oliver, B. G., and A. J. Niimi. 1988. Trophodynamic analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario ecosystem. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22: 388-397.

Ontario Ministry of Environment (OME). 1976. Evaluating construction activities impacting on water resources. Prepared by D. Persaud and W. D. Wilkins, Water Resources Branch, Toronto, Ontario (Cited from Chu, 1989).

Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OME). 1983. Ontario Drinking Water Objectives. (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OME). 1984a. List of tentative standards. Guidelines and provisional guidelines for air contaminants. 6 p. (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OME). 1984. Water management goals, objectives, policies and implementation procedures of the Ministry of the Environment (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OME). 1985. Guide to eating Ontario sport fish (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Parkinson, A., and S. Safe. 1987. Mammalian biologic and toxic effects of PCBs. In : S. Safe (ed.) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Mammalian and Environmental Toxicology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. p 50-75.

Plapp, F. W., Jr. 1972. Environ. Entomol. 1: 580 (Cited from Hutzinger et al., 1974)

Platonow, N. S., and B. S. Reinhart. 1973. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) on chicken egg production, fertility and hatchability. Can. J. Comp. Med. 37: 341-346 (Cited from Strachan, 1988).

Platonow, N. S., and L. H. Karstad. 1973. Dietary effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on mink. Can. J. Comp. Med. 37: 391-400.

Québec Ministère de l'Environement (QME). 1984. Déversements d'huile contaminée au BPC: normes à suivre pour le nettoyage et l'élimination. 1p. (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Richardson, B. J., and J. S. Waid. 1979. PCBs in the Port Phillip region. The Environmental significance of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Ministry for Conservation- Victoria, Environ. Studies Prog. publ. no. 248. Victoria, Australia (Cited from Fairbanks et al., 1987).

Ringer, R. K. 1983. Toxicology of PCBs in mink and ferrets. In : F. M. D'Itri and M. A. Kamrin (eds.) PCBs: human and environmental hazards. Butterworth Publ., Woburn, MA. p.227-240 (Cited from Eisler, 1986).

Roesijadi, G. S., R. Petrocelli, J. W. Anderson, C. S. Giam, and G. E. Neff. 1976. Toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) to adult, juvenile, and larval stages of the shrimp Palaemonetes pugio . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 297-304 (Cited from Hansen, 1987).

Rubinstein, N. I., E. Lores, N. R. Gregory. 1983. Accumulation of PCBs, mercury, and cadmium by Nereis virens, Mercenaria mercenaria, and Palaemonetes pugio from contaminated harbour sediments. Aquat. Toxicol. 3: 249-260.

Safe, S. 1987. Determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalent factors (TEFs): Support for the use of the in vitro AHH induction assay. Chemosphere 16: 791-802.

Safe, S. 1987. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Mammalian and Environmental Toxicology. Environmental Toxin Series 1. Springer-Verlag.

Safe, S., L. Safe, and M. Mullin. 1987. Polychlorinated biphenyls: Environmental occurrence and analysis. In : S. Safe (ed.) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Mammalian and Environmental Toxicology. Springer-Verlag. p 1-13.

Sanders, M., and B. L. Haynes. 1988. Distribution pattern and reduction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in bluefish Pomatomus salttatrix (Linnaeus) fillet through adipose tissue removal. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41: 670-677.

Sawhney, B. L. 1986. Chemistry and properties of PCBs in relation to environmental effects. J. S. Waid (ed.) PCBs and the Environment. Vol. 1, p 47-64.

Sawhney, B. L, and L. Hankin. 1984. Plant contamination by PCBs from amended soils. J. Food. Prot. 47: 232-236.

Sawyer, T, and S. Safe. 1982. PCB isomers and congeners: induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase enzyme activities in rat hepatoma cells. Toxicol. Letters. 13: 87-94.

Sawyer, T. W., and S. Safe. 1985. In vitro AHH induction by polychlorinated biphenyl and dibenzofuran mixtures: Additive effects. Chemosphere 14: 79-84.

Schimmel, S. C., D. J. Hansen, and J. Forester. 1974. Effects of Aroclor 1254 on laboratory-reared embryos and fry of sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103: 582-586.

Scura, E. D., and G. H. Theilacker. 1977. Transfer of the chlorinated hydrocarbon PCB in a laboratory marine food chain. Marine Biology 40: 317-325.

SEAM. 1989. Water Quality Data Bank used by the BC Ministry of Environment.

Singleton, H. J. 1983. Trace metals and selected organic contaminants in Fraser River fish. MOE Tech. Paper No. 2. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC

Snarski, V. M., and F. A. Puglisi. 1976. Effects of Aroclor® 1254 on brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis . Ecol. Res. Ser. EPA 600/3-76-112. U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota (Cited from U.S. EPA, 1980).

Srebocan, V., J. Pompe-Gotal, V. Brmalj, and M. Plazonic. 1977. Effect of polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254 on liver gluconeogenic enzyme activities in embryonic and growing chickens. Poult. Sci. 56: 732-735 (Cited from Strachan, 1988).

Stalling, D. L., and F. L. Mayer Jr. 1972. Toxicities of PCBs to fish and environmental residues. Environ. Health Perspectives. 1: 159-164.

Stein, J. E., T. Hom, E. Casillas, A. Friedman, and U. Varanasi. 1987. Simultaneous exposure of English sole (Parophrys vetulus ) to sediment-associated xenobiotics: Part 2- Chronic exposure to an urban estuarine sediment with added 3H-benzo(a)pyrene and 14C-polychlorinated biphenyls. Mar. Environ. Res. 22: 123-149.

Strachan, W. M. J. 1988. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - Fate and effects in the Canadian environment. Report EPS 4/HA/2. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0H3.

Strek, H. J., J. B. Weber, P. J. Shea, E. Mrozek, Jr., and M. R. Overcash. 1981. Reduction of polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity and uptake of carbon-14 activity by plants through the use of activated carbon. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 29: 288-293.

Sullivan, J., J. Ball, E. Brick, S. Hausmann, G. Pilarski, and D. Sopcich. 1985. Report of the Technical Subcommittee on determination of dredge material suitability for in-water disposal. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources Report. 44 p.(Cited from Chu, 1989).

Suzuki, M. N. A., G. Okano, and T. Takahashi. 1977. Translocation of polychloro-biphenyls in soil into plants: A study by a method of culture of soybean sprouts. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5: 343-352

Swain, L. G., and D. G. Walton. 1988. Report on the 1987 benthos and sediment monitoring program. Fraser River Estuary Monitoring. 66p.

Swain, L. G., and D. G. Walton. 1989. Report on the 1988 fish monitoring program. Fraser River Estuary Monitoring. 147p.

Swain, L. G., and D. G. Walton. 1990. Report on the 1989 benthos and sediment monitoring program. Fraser River Estuary Monitoring. (in progress).

Swain, L. G., and G. B. Holms. 1985. Fraser-Delta area - Fraser river sub-basin from Kanaka Creek to the mouth: Water quality assessment and objectives. Water Management Division, Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC

Tabak, H. H., S. A. Quave, C. I. Mashni, and E. F. Barth. 1981. Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollutant compounds. Jour. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 53: 1503-1518 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Tanabe, S., N. Kannan, An. Subramanium, S. Watanabe, and R. Tatsukawa. 1987. Highly toxic coplanar PCBs: Occurrence, source, persistency and toxic implications to wildlife and humans. Environ. Pollut. 47:147-163 (Cited from McFarland and Clarke, 1989).

Tanabe, S., N. Kannan, O. Mitsuhiro, and R. Tatsukawa. 1989. Toxic threat to marine mammals: Increasing potential of non-ortho and mono-ortho coplanar PCBs from land to ocean. Chemosphere 18: 485-490.

Tatem, H. E. 1986. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and metal from contaminated sediment by freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and clams, Corbicula fluminea . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 171-183.

Trépanier, J.-P. 1984. Biphenyles polychlorés: informations générales et situation au Québec. Ministére de l'environment du Québec. 192 p. (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

Tulp, M. Th. M., R. Schmitz, and O. Hutzinger. 1978. The bacterial metabolism of 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl, and its suppression by alternative carbon source. Chemosphere 1: 103-108 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1973. Water Quality Criteria 1972. EPA-R3-73-033-March 1973. p. 177.

US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1977. Guidelines for the pollutional classification of Great Lakes Harbour sediments. Region V, Chicago, Illinois (Cited from Che, 1989).

US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1980. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for PCBs. U.S. EPA, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, D.C. EPA-440/5-80-068. 200p.

US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1981. Office of Drinking Water (Draft). Advisory Opinion for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1987. Polychlorinated biphenyls Spill Cleanup Policy; Final Rule. Federal Register. 52 (63): 10688-10710 (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1988. Drinking water criteria document for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). ECAO-CIN-414. Final. April 1988 (Cited from U.S. PHS, 1989).

US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1989. Briefing report to the EPA Science Advisory Board on the equilibrium partitioning approach to generating sediment quality criteria. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards, Washington, D.C.

US Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA). 1984. Codes of federal regulations. Title 21, Part 109.30. p.21514-21520 (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

US Public Health Service (U.S. PHS). 1989. Toxicological profile for selected PCBs (Aroclor-1260, -1254, -1248, -1242, -1232, -1221, and -1016). Prepared by Syracuse Research Corp. under contract No. 68-C8-0004 for Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), U.S. PHS, in collaboration with U.S. EPA.135p.

van den Broek, W. L. F. 1979. Seasonal levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals in fish and brown shrimps from the Medway estuary, Kent. Environ. Pollut. 19: 21-38 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Veith, G. 1976. Comparative toxicity of A-1016 and A-1242 to fathead minnow. Environ. Res. Lab. U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota. (Cited from U.S. EPA, 1980).

Veith, G. D., D. L. DeFoe, and B. V. Bergstedt. 1979. Measuring and estimating the bio-concentration factor of chemicals in fish. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 1040-1048.

Washington Department of Ecology (WDE). 1988. Preamble to draft sediment quality standards. Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (Cited from Chu, 1989).

Weber, M. D., H. D. Monteith, and D. G. M. Corneau. 1983. Assessment of heavy metals and PCB at sludge application sites. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed. 55: 187-.

Weber, W. J., T. C. Voice, M. Pirbazari, G. E. Hunt, and D. M. Ulanoff. 1983. Sorption of hydrophobic compounds by sediments, soils and suspended solids. II. Sorbent evaluation studies. Water Res. 17: 1443.

Weltman, R. H., and D. H. Norback. 1981. Sequential light and electron microscopic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by Aroclor 1260. The Toxicologist 1: 65 (Cited from Kimbrough, 1985).

Weseloh, D. V., S. M. Teeple, and M. Gilbertson. 1983. Double-crested cormorants of the Great Lakes: egg-laying parameters, reproductive failure, and contaminant residues in eggs, Lake Huron 1972-73. Can. J. Zool. 61: 427-436 (Cited from Eisler, 1986).

Williamson, D. A. 1983. Surface water quality management proposal. Vol. 1. Surface water quality objectives, Water Standards and Studies Report No. 83/2. Manitoba Dept. of the Environment and Workplace Safety and Health, Manitoba (Cited from Environment Canada, 1987).

White, R. J., H. T. Kim, and J. S. Kim. 1985. PCBs in striped bass collected from the Hudson River, New York, during fall, 1981. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34: 883-889.

Young, D. R., and T. C. Heesen. 1978. DDT, PCB, and chlorinated benzenes in the marine ecosystem off Southern California. In : R. L. Jolley (ed.) Water Chlorination, Environmental Impact and Health Effects. Vol. 2: p 267-290 (Cited from Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).

Zullei, N., and G. Benecke. 1978. Application of a new bioassay to screen the toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls on blue-green algae. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20: 786-792.

Previous PageTable Of Contents