Adams, W.J. 1976. The toxicity and residue dynamics of selenium in fish and aquatic invertebrates. Ph. D. thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing. (Cited from Chidambaram and Sastry, 1991; Lemly and Smith, 1988; Eisler, 1985 and USEPA 1987).
Adams, W.J., and B.B. Heidolph. 1985. Short-cut chronic toxicity estimates using Daphnia magna. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment: Seventh symposium. Cardwell, R.D., R. Purdy and R.C. Bahner (Eds.). ASTM STP 854. American Society for Testing and a Materials. Philadelphia, P.A. p. 87-103 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Adams, W.J., and H.E. Johnson. 1977. Survey of the selenium content in the aquatic biota of western Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 3: 10-14 (Cited from Eisler 1985).
Adams, W.J., J.E. Toll, K.V. Brix, L.M. Tear, and D.K. DeFrost. 2000. Site-specific approach for setting water quality criteria for selenium: difference between lotic and lentic systems. Proceedings Mine Reclamation Symposium: Selenium Session. Sponsored by B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines, Williams Lake, British Columbia, Canada, June 21-22, 2000.
Adams, W.J., K.V. Brix, K. A. Cothern, L.M. Tear, R.D. Cardwell, A. Fairbrother, and J.E. Toll. 1998. Assessment of selenium food chain transfer and critical exposure factors for avian wildlife species: Need for site specific data. Environ. Toxico. Risk Assess. 7th Vol., ASTM 1333, E.E. Little, A.J. DeLonay, and B.M Greenberg, Eds, ASTM, 1998.
Adriano, D.C. 1986. Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. pp 390-420.
Ahsanullah, M., and D.H. Palmer. 1980. Acute toxicity of selenium to three species of marine invertebrates with notes on a continuous flow test system. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 31: 759-802 (Cited from UNEP 1988).
Alaimo, J., R.S. Ogle, and A.W. Knight. 1994. Selenium uptake by larval Chironomus decorus from a Ruppia maritima-based benthic/detrital substrate. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(4): 441-448 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Albasel, N., P.F. Pratt, and D.W. Westcot. 1989. Guidelines for selenium in irrigation waters. Jour. Environ. Qual. 18: 253-258.
Anderson, A-M., R. Crossley, F.P. Dieken, D.S. Lucyk, and S. Wu. 1994. Multi-media monitoring of trace metals and pesticides in the Battle River 1989-1990. A joint publication of Environment Canada, Alberta Environmental Protection, Alberta Environmental Centre, and Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management.
Baker, D.C., L.F. James, W.J. Hartley, et al. 1989. Toxicosis in pigs fed selenium-accumulating Astragalus plant species or sodium selenate. Amer. Jour. Vet. Res. 50: 1396-1399 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Banuelos, G.S., D.W. Meek, and G.J. Hoffman. 1990. The influence of selenium, salinity and boron on selenium uptake in wild mustard. Plant Soil 127: 201-206.
Banuelos,G.S., R. Mead, L. Wu, P. Beuselinck, and S. Akohoue. 1992. Differential selenium accumulation among forage plant species grown in soils amended with selenium-enriched plant tissue. Jour. Soil Wat. Conser. 47: 338-342.
Bariaud, A., and J.C. Mestre. 1984. Heavy metal tolerance in a cadmium-resistant population of Euglena gracilis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32: 597-601 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Baudo, R. 1983. Is analytically defined chemical speciation the answer we need to understand trace element transfer along a trophic chain? In: G.G. Leppard (ed.) Trace element speciation in surface waters and its ecological implications. Plenum Press, NY p 275-290 (Cited from Saiki et al. 1991).
Bender, J., J.P. Gould, Y. Vatcharapijarn, and G. Saha. 1991. Uptake, transformation and fixation of Se(VI) by a mixed selenium-tolerant ecosystem. Wat. Air Soil Poll. 59: 359-367.
Bennett, W.N. 1988. Assessment of selenium toxicity in algae using turbidostat culture. Wat. Res. 22: 939-942.
Bennett, W.N., A.S. Brooks, and M.E. Boraas. 1986. Selenium uptake and transfer in an aquatic food chain and its effects on fathead minnow larvae. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 513-517.
Besser, J.M., J.N. Huckins, E.E. Little, and T. W. La Point. 1989. Distribution and bioaccumulation of selenium in aquatic microcosms. Environ. Pollut. 62: 1-12.
Birge, W.J. 1978. Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and fly ash. In: Energy and environmental stress in aquatic systems. Thorp, J.H. and J.W. Gibbons (Eds.). CONF-771114. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. p. 219-240 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Birge, W.J., and J.A. Black. 1977. A continuos-flow system using fish and amphibian eggs for bioassay determinations on embryonic mortality and teratogenesis. EPA-560/5-77-002 or PB-285191. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, and A.G. Westerman. 1979. Evaluation of aquatic pollutants using fish and amphibian eggs as bioassay organisms. In: Animals as monitors of environmental pollutants. Nielson, S.W., G. Migaki and D.C. Scarrelli (Eds.). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. p. 108-118 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman, and J.E. Hudson. 1980. Aquatic toxicity tests on inorganic elements occurring in oil shale. In: Oil shale symposium: Sampling, analysis and quality assurance. Gale, C. (Ed.). EPA-600/9-80-022. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. p. 519-534 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Boisson, F., M. Gnassia-Barelli, and M. Romeo. 1995. Toxicity and accumulation of selenite and selenate in the unicellular marine alga Cricosphaera elongata.. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28: 487-493.
BOR (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation). 1987. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation water quality analyses; west side-San Joaquin Valley, BOR, Mid-Pacific Region, Sacramento, California.
Boyum, K.W. 1984. The toxic effect of selenium on the zooplankton. Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulicaria, in water and the food source (Chamvdomonas reinhardii). Ph.D. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI. Available from: University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. Order No. 85-09248 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Boyum, K.W., and A.S. Brooks. 1988. The effects of selenium in water and food on Daphnia populations. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17: 555-560.
Brasher, A.M., and R.S. Ogle. 1993. Comparative toxicity of selenite and selenate to the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 182-186.
Bringmann, G., and R. Kuhn. 1959a. The toxic effects of waste water on aquatic bacteria, algae and small crustaceans. Gesundh.-Ing. 80: 115-120 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Bringmann, G., and R. Kuhn. 1959b. Water toxicology studies with protozoan as test organisms. Gesundh.-Ing. 80: 239-242 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Bringmann, G., and R. Kuhn. 1976. Comparative results of the harmful effects of water pollutants on bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) and blue algae (Microcystis aeruginosa). Gas-Wasserfach, Wasser-Abwasser. 117: 410-413 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Bringmann, G., and R. Kuhn. 1977a. Limiting values for the damaging action of water pollutants to bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) and green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in the cell multiplication inhibition test. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10: 87-98 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Bringmann, G., and R. Kuhn. 1977b. Results of the damaging effect of water pollutants on Daphnia magna. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10: 161-166 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Bringmann, G., and R. Kuhn. 1978a. Limiting values for the noxious effects of water pollutant material to blue algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) and green algae (Scenedesmus quadricausda) in cell propagation inhibition tests. Vom Wasser. 50: 45-60 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Bringmann, G., and R. Kuhn.1978b. Testing of substances for their toxicity threshold: Model organisms Microcystis (Diplocystis) aeruginosa and Scendesmus quadricausda Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 21: 275-284 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Brix, K.V., D.K. DeFrost, A. Fairbrother, and W.J. Adams. 2000. Critical review of tissue-based selenium toxicity thresholds for fish and birds. "Planning for End Land Uses in Mine Reclamation". Proc. of the Twenty-fourth Annual British Columbia Mine Reclamation Symposium. June 19-22, 2000. P 220-230.
Brooke, L. 1987. University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI. (Memorandum to C. Stephan, USEPA, Duluth, MN, July 20.) (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, S.L. Harting, C.A. Lindberg, T.P. Markee, D.J. McCauley, and S.H. Poirier. 1985. Acute toxicity of selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) to freshwater organisms. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wiscoonsin-Superior, Superior, WI. (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Browne, C., and J.N. Dumont. 1980. Cytotoxic effects of sodium selenite on tadpoles (Xenopus laevis). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 181-191 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Browne, C.L., and J.N. Dumont. 1979. Toxicity of selenium to developing Xenopus laevis embryos. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 5: 699-709 (Cited from USEPA 1987 and Eisler 1985).
Broyer, T.C., D.C. Lee, and C.J. Asher. 1966. Plant Physiol. 41: 1425-1428 (Cited from Adriano 1986).
Burke, K.E., R.G. Buford, G.F. Combs Jr., et al. 1992. The effect of topical L-seleno-methionine on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Nutr. Cancer. 17: 123-137 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Byers, H. G., and H. W. Lakin. 1939. Can. J. Res. 17-B: 364-369 (Cited from Adriano 1986).
Call, D.J., L.T. Brooke, N. Ahmad, and J.E. Richter. 1983. Toxicity and metabolism studies with EPA priority pollutants and related chemicals in freshwater organisms. EPA 600/3-83-095, USEPA, Duluth, MN-120 p. (US NTIS PB83-263665). (Cited from USEPA 1987 and USEPA 1995).
Canada Year Book. 1994. Statistics Canada. p 530.
Canadian Council of the Resource and Environment Ministers (CCREM). 1987. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Prepared by the Task Force on Water Quality Guidelines.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). 1993. A protocol for the derivation of water quality guidelines for the protection of agricultural uses. Prepared by the Task Force on Water Quality Guidelines.
Canton, S.P., and W.D. Van Derveer. 1997. Selenium toxicity to aquatic life: An argument for sediment-based water quality criteria. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 1255-1259.
Cardin, J.A. 1986. USEPA Narragansett, RI. (Memorandum to D.J. Hansen, USEPA Narragansett, RI.) (Cited in USEPA 1987).
Cardwell, R.D., D.G. Foreman, T.R. Payne, and D.J. Wilbur. 1976a. Acute toxicity of selenium dioxide to freshwater fishes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 4: 129-144. (Cited from USEPA 1987, 1995 and Eisler 1985).
Cardwell, R.D., D.G. Foreman, T.R. Payne, and D.J. Wilbur. 1976b. Acute toxicity of selected toxicants to six species of fish. PB-252488 or EPA-600/3-76-008. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Carlson, C.L., D.C. Adriano, and P.M. Dixon. 1991. Effects of soil-applied selenium on the growth and selenium content of a forage species. Jour. Environ. Qual. 20: 363-368.
Carolina Power and Light Company. 1985. Roxboro steam electric plant: Hyco Reservoir 1983 bioassay report. Carolina Power and Light Company, New Hill, N.C. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988).
Carter, R.F. 1966. Acute selenium poisoning. Med. Jour. Aust. 1: 525-528 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Cary, E.E., and W.H. Allaway. 1973. Selenium content of selenium crops grown in selenite-treated soils. Agron. Jour. 65: 922-925 (Cited from Mikklesen et al. 1989).
Chapman, D.C. 1992. Failure of gas bladder inflation in striped bass: Effect on selenium toxicity. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22: 296-299.
Chemical Rubber Co. (CRC). 1968. Handbook of chemistry and physics 49th edition.
Chidambaram, N., and C.A. Sastry. 1991. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of selenate in the teleost fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Indian J. Environ. Prot. 11: 496-501.
Civil, I.E.S., and M.J.A. McDonald. 1978. Acute selenium poisoning: Case report. N.Z. Med. Jour. 87: 354-356 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Cleveland, L., E.E. Little, D.R. Buckler, and R.H. Wiedmeyer. 1993. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of waterborne and dietary selenium in juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Aquat. Toxicol. 27: 265-280 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Contempre, B., J.E. Dumont, B. Ngo, et al. 1991. Effect of selenium supplementation in hypothyroid subjects of an iodine and selenium deficient area: The possible danger of indiscriminate supplementation of iodine-deficient subjects with selenium. Jour. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 213-215 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Coughlan, D.J., and J.S. Velte, 1989. Dietary toxicity of selenium-contaminated red shiners to striped bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 118: 400-408 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Coyle, J.J., D.R. Buckler, C.G. Ingersoll, J.F. Fairchild, and T.W. May. 1993. Effect of dietary selenium on the reproductive success of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 551-565.
Crane, M., T. Flower, D. Holmes, and S. Watson. 1992. The toxicity of selenium in experimental freshwater ponds. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23: 440-452 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Cumbie, P.M., and S.L. Van Horn. 1978. Selenium accumulation associated with fish mortality and reproductive failure. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies. 32: 612-624. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988).
Davis, E.A., K.J. Maier, and A. Knight. 1988. The biological consequences of selenium in aquatic ecosystems. Calif. Agric. 1: 18-20. (Cited from Masscheleyn and Patrick, Jr. 1993).
Davis, R.D., P.H.T. Beckett, and E. Wollan. 1978. Critical levels of twenty potentially toxic elements in young spring barley. Plant Soil. 49: 395-408 (Cited from Adriano 1986 and Mikkelsen et al. 1989).
DeFrost K.D., K.V. Brix, and W. J. Adams. 1999. Critical review of proposed residue-based selenium toxicity thresholds for freshwater fish. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 5: 1187-1228.
DeJong, L.E.D.D. 1965. Tolerance of Chlorella vulgaris for metallic and non-metallic ions. Antonie Leewenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 31: 301-313 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Dobbs, M.G., D.S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1996. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of selenium to a three-tropic level food chain. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15: 340-347.
Dreher, G.B., and R.B. Finkelman. 1992. Selenium mobilization in surface coal mine, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA. Environ. Geol. Water Sci. 19: 155-169 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
DuBowy, P.J. 1989. Effect of diet on selenium bioaccumulation in marsh birds. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 53: 776-781 (Cited from Peterson and Nebeker 1992).
Dudley, H.C. 1936. Toxicology of selenium. I. A study of the distribution of selenium in acute and chronic cases of selenium poisoning. Am. J. Hyg. 23: 169-180 (Cited from Koller and Exon, 1986).
Duke Power Company. 1980. Toxic effects of selenium on stocked bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in Belews Lake, North Carolina, April-September 1979. Duke Power Company, Charlotte, N.C. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988).
Dunbar, A.M., J.M. Lazorchak, and W.T. Waller. 1983. Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium selenate to Daphnia magna Straus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2: 239-244 (Cited form USEPA 1987).
Duncan, D.A., and J.F. Klaverkamp, 1983. Tolerance and resistance to cadmium in white suckers (Catastomus commersoni) previously exposed to cadmium, mercury, zinc or selenium. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 128-138. (Cited from USEPA 1987 and Eisler 1985).
Ebens, R.J., and H.T. Shacklette. 1982. Geochemistry of some rocks, mine spoils, stream sediments, soils, plants, and waters in the western energy region of the conterminous United States. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 1237. U.S. Govt. Printing Off., Washington DC. 173p (Cited from Eisler 1985).
Echevarria, M.G., P.R. Henry, C.B. Ammerman, and P.V. Rao. 1988. Effects of time and dietary selenium concentration as sodium selenite on tissue selenium uptake by sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 66: 2299-2305.
Edwards W.C., D.L. Whitenack, J.W. Alexander, and M.A. Solangi. 1989. Selenium toxicosis in three California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 31: 568-570.
Eisler, R. 1985. Selenium hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: A synoptic review. Contaminant Hazard Reviews. Report No 5. Biological Report 85(1.5). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, MD. p. 1-57.
Ellis, M.M. 1937. Detection and measurement of stream pollution. Bulletin No. 22. Bureau of Fisheries, US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Ellis, M.M., H.L. Motley, M.D. Ellis, and R.O. Jones. 1937. Selenium poisoning in fishes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 36: 519-522 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Ellis, R., T. H. Herdt, and H.D. Stowe. 1989. Preliminary report of the effects of excess selenium supplementation on Holstein cows. In: Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on Uses of Selenium and Tellurium. p479. Banff, Alberta, Canada (Cited from Stowe and Herdt 1992).
Fairbrother, A., and J. Fowles. 1990. Subchronic effects of sodium selenite and selenomethionine on several immune-functions in mallards. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 836-844.
Fairbrother, A, K.V. Brix, J.E.Toll, S. McKay, and W.J. Adams. 1999. Egg selenium concentrations as predictors of avian toxicity. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 5: 1229-1253.
Finley, K.A. 1985. Observations of bluegills fed selenium-contaminated Hexagenia nymphs collected from Belews Lake, North Carolina. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35: 816-825. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988).
Foe, C., and A.W. Knight, Manuscript. Selenium bioaccumulation, regulation and toxicity in the green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, and dietary toxicity of the contaminated alga to Daphnia magna. Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Fowler, B.A., N.G. Carmichael, K.S. Squibb, and D.W. Engel. 1981. Factors affecting trace metal uptake and toxicity to estuarine organisms. II. Cellular mechanisms. In: Biological monitoring of marine pollutants. Vernberg, J., A. Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg and W.B. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. p. 145-163 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Fries, L. 1982. Selenium stimulates growth of marine macroalgae in axenic culture. J. Phycol. 18: 328-331 (Cited from USEPA 1987 and UNEP 1988).
Gaikwad, S.A. 1989. Acute toxicity of mercury, copper and selenium to the fish Etroplus maculatus. Environ. Ecol. 7(3): 694-696 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Gennity, J.M., N.R. Bottino, R.A. Zingaro, A.E. Wheeler, and K.J. Irgolic. 1985a. A selenium-induced peroxidation of glutathione in algae. Phytochemistry 24: 2817-2821 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Gennity, J.M., N.R. Bottino, R.A. Zingaro, A.E. Wheeler, and K.J. Irgolic. 1985b. A selenite-induced decrease in the lipid content of a red algae. Phytochemistry 24: 2823-2830 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Gillespie, R.B., and P.C. Baumann. 1986. Effects of high tissue concentrations of selenium on reproduction by bluegills. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115: 208-213. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988).
Gissel-Nielsen, G., and B. Bisbjerg. 1970. The uptake of applied selenium by agricultural plants 2. The utilization of various selenium compounds. Plant Soil. 32: 382-396 (Cited from Mikklesen et al. 1989).
Glickstein, N. 1978. Acute toxicity of mercury and selenium to Crassostrea gigas embryos and Cancer magister larvae. Mar. Biol. 49: 113-117 (Cited from Eisler 1985, UNEP 1988, and USEPA 1987, 1995).
Goettl, J.P., Jr., and P.H. Davies. 1976a. Water pollution studies. Job progress report, Federal Aid Project F-33-R-11. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins. CO. 31- 34. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988, and USEPA 1987).
Goettl, J.P., Jr., and P.H. Davies. 1976b. Water pollution studies. Job progress report, Federal Aid Project F-33-R-13. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988).
Gotsis, O. 1980. Combined effects of selenium/mercury and selenium/copper on the cell population of the alga Dunaliella minuta. Mar. Biol. 71: 217-222 (Cited from UNEP 1988)
Gupta, U.C., and K.A. Winter. 1975. Selenium content of soils and crops and the effects of lime and sulphur on plant selenium. Can. Jour. Soil Sci. 55: 161-166 (Cited from Mikkelsen et al. 1989).
Gupta, U.C., and K.A. Winter. 1981. Long term residual effects of applied selenium on the selenium uptake by plants. Jour. Plant Nutr. 5: 493-507 (Cited from Banuelos et al. 1992).
Gupta, U.C., K.B. McRae, and K.A. Winter. 1982. Effects of applied selenium on the selenium content of barley and forages and soil selenium depletion rates. Can. Jour. Soil Sci. 62: 145-154 (Cited from Mikklesen et al. 1989).
Halter, M.T., W.J. Adams, and H.E. Johnson. 1980. Selenium toxicity to Daphnia magna, Hyallela azteca and the fathead minnow in hard water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 102-107. (Cited from Eisler 1985, and USEPA 1987, 1995).
Hamdy, A.A., and G. Gissel-Nielsen. 1977. Fixation of selenium by clay minerals and iron oxide. Z. Pflanzenernaehr. Bodenkd. 140: 63-70 (Cited from Mikkelsen et al. 1989).
Hamilton, S.J., A.N. Palmisano, G.A. Wedemeyer, and W.T. Yasutake. 1986. Impacts of selenium on early life stages and smoltification of fall chinook salmon. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 51: 343-356. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988, and USEPA 1995).
Hamilton, S.J., and K.J. Buhl. 1990. Acute toxicity of boron, molybdenum, and selenium to fry of chinook salmon and coho salmon. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 366-373. (Cited from USEPA 1995)
Hamilton, S.J., K.J. Buhl, N.L. Faerber, R.H. Wiedmeyer, and F.A. Bullard. 1990. Toxicity of organic selenium in the diet to chinook salmon. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9: 347-358 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Hamilton, S.J., and R.H. Wiedmeyer. 1990. Concentrations of boron, molybdenum, and selenium in chinook salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119: 500-510.
Harr, J.R., and O.H. Muth. 1972. Selenium poisoning in domestic animals and its relationship to man. Clin. Toxicol. 5:175-186 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Hashimoto, Y., J.T. Hwang, and S. Yanagisawa. 1970. Possible source of atmospheric pollution of selenium. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4: 157-158 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Haygarth, P.M., A.F. Harrison, and K.C. Jones. 1995. Plant selenium from soil and the atmosphere. J. Environ. Qual. 24: 768-771.
Health and Welfare Canada (HWC). 1993. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Fifth Edition. Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1993. Cat. No. H48-10/1993E.
Heinz, G.H. 1993. Re-exposure of mallards to selenium after chronic exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 1691-1694.
Heinz, G.H., and C.J. Sanderson. 1990. Avoidance of selenium-treated food by mallards. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9: 1155-1158.
Heinz, G.H., and D.J. Hoffman. 1996. Comparison of the effects of seleno-L-methionine, seleno-DL-methionine, and selenized yeast on reproduction of mallards. Environ. Pollut. 91: 169-175.
Heinz, G.H., D.J. Hoffman, A.J. Krynitsky, and D.M.G. Weller. 1987. Reproduction in mallards fed selenium. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6: 423-433.
Heinz, G.H., D.J. Hoffman, and L.G. Gold. 1988. Toxicity of organic and inorganic selenium to mallard ducklings. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17: 561-568.
Heinz, G.H., D.J. Hoffman, and L.G. Gold. 1989. Impaired reproduction of mallards fed an organic form of selenium. J. Wildl. Manage. 53: 418-428.
Heinz, G.H., and M.A. Fitzgerald. 1993a. Overwinter survival of mallards fed selenium. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25: 90-94.
Heinz, G.H., and M.A. Fitzgerald. 1993b. Reproduction of mallards following overwinter exposure to selenium. (unpublished) (Cited from Heinz and Fitzgerald 1993a).
Heitmuller, P.T., T.A. Hollister, and P.R. Parrish. 1981. Acute toxicity of 54 industrial chemicals to sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27: 596-604. (Cited from USEPA 1987, 1995).
Hermanutz, R.O. 1992. Malformation of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) in an ecosystem with elevated selenium concentrations. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49: 290-294 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Hermanutz, R.O., K.N. Allen, T.H. Roush, and S.F. Hedtke. 1992. Effects of elevated selenium concentrations on bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) in outdoor experimental streams. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11: 217-224.
Hicks, B.D., J.W. Hilton, and H.W. Ferguson. 1984. Influence of dietary selenium on the occurrence of nephrocalcinosis in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Dis. 7: 379-389. (Cited from Maier and Knight 1994).
Hilton, J.W., and P.V. Hodson. 1983. Effect of increased dietary carbohydrate on selenium metabolism and toxicity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Nutr. 113: 1241-1248. (Cited from Maier and Knight 1994).
Hilton, J.W., P.V. Hodson, and S.J. Singer. 1980. The requirement and toxicity of selenium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) J. Nutr. 110: 2572-2585. (Cited from Maier and Knight 1994).
Hodson, P.V., D.J. Spry, and B.R. Blunt. 1980. Effects on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of a chronic exposure to waterborne selenium. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 233-240. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988, Eisler 1985, UNEP 1988, and USEPA 1987).
Hoffman, D.J., C.J. Sanderson, L.J. LeCaptain, E. Cromartie, and G.W. Pendleton. 1991a. Interactive effects of boron, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth, and physiology in mallard ducklings. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20: 288-294.
Hoffman, D.J., C.J. Sanderson, L.J. LeCaptain, E. Cromartie, and G.W. Pendleton. 1992. Interactive effects of arsenate, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth, and physiology in mallard ducklings. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22: 55-62.
Hoffman, D.J., and G.H. Heinz. 1988. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of selenium in the diet of mallards. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 24: 477-490.
Hoffman, D.J., G.H. Heinz, and A.J. Krynitsky. 1989. Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 27: 263-271.
Hoffman, D.J., G.H. Heinz, L.J. LeCaptain, C.M. Bunck, and D.E. Green. 1991b. Subchronic hepatotoxicity of selenomethionine ingestion in mallard ducks. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 32: 449-464.
Hunn, J.B., S.J. Hamilton, and D.R. Buckler. 1987. Toxicity of sodium selenite to rainbow trout fry. Wat. Res. 21: 233-238 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Hyne, R.V., A. Padovan, D.L. Parry, and S.M. Renaud. 1993. Increased fecundity of the cladoceran Moinodaphnia macleayi on a diet supplemented with a green alga, and its use in uranium toxicity tests. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 44: 389-399 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Ibrahim, A.M., and A. Spacie. 1990. Toxicity of inorganic selenium to the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz. Environ. Exp. Bot. 30: 265-269 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Ingersoll, C.G., F.J. Dwyer, and T.W. May. 1990. Toxicity of inorganic and organic selenium to Daphnia magna (cladocera) and Chironomus riparius (Diptera). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9: 1171-1181 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
James, L.F., K.E. Panter, H.F. Mayland, M.R. Miller, and D.C. Baker. 1989. Selenium poisoning in livestock: A review and progress. In: L.W. Jacobs (ed.) Selenium in Agriculture and the Environment. SSSA Special Publication No. 23, Madison, Wi, USA. p. 123-131.
Jensen, R., W. Closson, and R. Rothenberg. 1984. Selenium intoxication-New York. JAMA 251:1938 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Johnston, P.A. 1987. Acute toxicity of inorganic selenium to Daphnia magna (Straus) and the effect of sub-acute exposure upon growth and reproduction. Aquat. Toxicol. 10: 335-352.
Jump, R.K., and B.R. Sabey. 1989. Soil test extractants for predicting selenium in plants. In: L.W. Jacobs (ed.) Selenium in Agriculture and the Environment. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Special Publication 23. p. 95-106.
Kabata-Pendias, A., and H. Pendias. 1984. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. p. 185-191.
Kapu, M.M., and D.J. Schaeffer. 1991. Planarians in toxicology. Responses of asexual Dugesia dorotocephala to selected metals Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47: 302-307 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Kennedy, C.J., L.E. McDonald, R. Loveridge, and M.M. Strosher. 2000. The effect of bioaccumulated selenium on mortalities and deformities in the eggs, larvae, and fry of a wild population of cutthroat trout (Oncorhychus clarki lewisi). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39: 46-52.
Kiffney, P., and A. Knight. 1990. The toxicity and bioaccumulation of selenate, selenite and seleno-l-methionine in the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae. Arch. Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 19: 488-494.
Kim, J.H., E. Birks, and J.F. Heisinger. 1977. Protective action of selenium against mercury in northern creek chubs. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17: 132-135 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Kimball, G. Manuscript. The effects of lesser known metals and one organic to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) (Daphnia magna) (Available from C.E. Stephan, USEPA Duluth, MN.) (Cited in USEPA 1987).
Klauda, R.J. 1985. Acute and chronic effects of arsenic and selenium on the early life stages of striped bass. Report to Maryland Power Plant Siting Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Publication JHU/APL PRPR-98. The John Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD. (Cited in USEPA 1987).
Klauda, R.J. 1986. Acute and chronic effects of waterborne arsenic and selenium on the early stages of striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Report PPRP-98, Johns Hopkins University, Shade Side, Md. (Cited from Lemly and Smith 1988).
Klaverkamp, J.F., D.A. Hodgins, and A.Lutz. 1983. Selenite toxicity and mercury-selenium interactions in juvenile fish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 405-413. (Cited from USEPA 1987, and Eisler 1985).
Koller, L.D., and J.H. Exon. 1986. The two faces of selenium - deficiency and toxicity - are similar in animals and man. Can. J. Vet. Res. 50: 297-306. (cross reference for Dudley, 1936)
Krishnaja, A.P., M.S. Rege, and A.G. Joshi. 1987. Toxic effects of certain heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, As and Se) on the intertidal crab Scylla serrata. Mar. Environ. Res. 21: 109-119 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Kumar, H.D., and G.Prakash. 1971. Toxicity of selenium to the blue-green algae, Anacystis nidulans and Anabaena variabilis Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 35: 697-705) (Cited from USEPA 1987, and Eisler, 1985).
Landberg, T., and M. Gregor. 1994. Influence of selenium on uptake and toxicity of copper and cadmium in pea (Pisum sativum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Physiol. Plant. 90: 637-644.
LeBlanc, G.A. 1980. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 684-691 (Cited from USEPA 1987, 1995).
Lemly, A.D. 1983. A simple activity quotient for detecting pollution-induced stress in fishes. Environ. Technol. Lett. 4: 173-178 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Lemly, A.D. 1985. Toxicology of selenium in freshwater reservoir: Implications for environmental hazard evaluation and safety. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 10: 314-338 (Cited from Ohlendorf 1989).
Lemly, A.D. 1993. Metabolic stress during winter increases the toxicity of selenium to fish. Aquat. Toxicol. 27: 133-158.
Lemly, A.D., and G.J. Smith. 1987. Aquatic cycling of selenium: Implications for fish and wildlife. Fish Wildl. Serv./Fish Wildl. Leaflet 12. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Service, Washington DC (Cited from Ohlendorf 1989, Peterson and Nebeker 1992).
Lindstrom, K. 1985. Selenium requirement of the dinoflagellate Peridinopsis borgei (Lemm). Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 70: 77-85 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Luoma, S.N., C. Johns, N.S. Fisher, N.A. Steinberg, R.S. Oremland, and J.R. Reinfelder. 1992. Determination of selenium bioavailability to a benthic bivalve from particulate and solute pathways. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26: 485-491.
Lussier, S.M. 1986. USEPA, Narragansett, RI. (Memorandum to D.J. Hansen, USEPA, Narragansett, RI) (Cited from USEPA 1987).
MacDonald, D.W., R.G. Cristian, K.I. Strausz, and J. Roff. 1981. Acute selenium toxicity in neonatal calves. Can. Vet. Jour. 22: 279-281.
Mack, R.B. 1990. The fat lady enters stage left. Acute selenium poisoning. N. C. Med. Jour. 51: 636-638 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Mahan, D.C., and P.L. Magee. 1991. Efficacy of dietary sodium selenite and calcium selenite provided in the diet at approved, marginally toxic, and toxic levels to growing swine. Jour. Anim. Sci. 69: 4722-4725 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Maier, K.J., and A.W. Knight. 1994. Ecotoxicology of selenium in freshwater systems. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 134: 31-48. (cross reference for Hilton et al., 1980)
Maier, K.J., C.G. Foe, and A.W. Knight. 1993. Comparative toxicity of selenate, selenite, seleno-DL-methionine and seleno-DL-cystine to Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 755-763.
Malchow, D.E., A.W. Knight, and K.J. Maier. 1995. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of selenium in Chironomus decorus larvae fed a diet of seleniferous Selenastrum capricornutum. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29: 104-109.
Manual of Analytical Methods. 1994. Volume 2, Trace Metals. National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON.
Marier, J.R., and J.F. Jaworski. 1983. Interactions of selenium. NRCC No. 20643. Assoc. Comm. on Sci. Criteria for Environ. Qual, National Research Council of Canada. 84p.
Martin, M., K.E. Osborn, P. Billig, and N. Glickstein. 1981. Toxicities of ten metals to Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis embryos and Cancer magister larvae. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 12(9): 305-308 (Cited from USEPA 1987, 1995).
Masscheleyn, P.H., and W.H. Patrick, Jr. 1993. Biogeochemical processes affecting selenium cycling in wetlands. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 2235-2243.
Mayer, F.L., Jr., and M.R. Ellersieck. 1986. Manual of acute toxicity: Interpretation and data base for 410 chemicals and 66 species of freshwater animals. Resource Publication No. 160. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. p 438. (Cited in USEPA 1987).
McDonald, L.E., and M.M. Strosher. 1998. Selenium mobilization from surface coal mining in the Elk River basin, British Columbia: A survey of water, sediment and biota. Mininistry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Kootenay Region, Cranbrook, BC. 56p.
McKeague, J.A., and M.S. Wolynetz. 1980. Background levels of minor elements in some Canadian soils. Geoderma 24: 299 (Cited from Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 1984).
McNeal, J.M., and L.S. Balistrieri. 1989. Geochemistry and occurrence of selenium: An overview. In: L.W. Jacobs (ed.) Selenium in Agriculture and the Environment. SSSA Special Publication No. 23, Madison, WI, USA. p. 1-13.
Mermut, A.R., J.C. Jain, L. Song, R. Kerrich, L. Kozak, and S. Jana. 1996. Trace element concentrations of selected soils and fertilizers in Saskatchewan, Canada. Jour. Env. Qual. 25:845-853.
Micallef, S., and P.A. Tyler. 1990. Effect of mercury and selenium on the gill function of Mytilus edulis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 21: 288-292.
Mihailovic, M., G. Matic, P. Lindberg, et al. 1992. Accidental selenium poisoning of growing pigs. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 33: 63-69 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Mikkelsen, R.L., A.L. Page, and F.T. Bingham. 1989. Factors affecting selenium accumulation by agricultural crops. In: L.W. Jacobs (ed.) Selenium in Agriculture and the Environment. SSSA Special Publication No. 23, Madison, WI, USA, p. 65-94.
Mikkelsen, R.L., G.H., Haghnia, A.L. Page, and F.T. Bingham. 1988. The influence of selenium, salinity, and boron on alfalfa tissue composition and yield. Jour. Environ. Qual. 15: 85-88.
Miller, W.T., and K.T. Williams. 1940. Minimum lethal dose of selenium as sodium selenite for horses, mules, cattle and swine. J. Agric. Res. 60: 153-173 (Cited from Kolland Exon 1986).
Moede, A., R.W. Greene, and D.F. Spencer. 1980. Effects of selenium on the growth and phosphorus uptake of Scenedesmus dimorphus and Anabaena cylindrica Environ. Exp. Bot. 20: 207-212 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Mosher, B.W., and R.A. Duce. 1987. Geophysics Research 92: 13289-13298 (Cited from Nriagu and Pacyna 1988).
Murphy, C.P. 1981. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals and related trace elements. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 53: 993-999 (Cited from Eisler 1985).
Nassos, P.A., J.R. Coats, R.L. Metcalf, D.D. Brown, and L.G. Hansen. 1980. Model ecosystem, toxicity, and uptake evaluation of 75Se-selenite. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 752-758. (Cited from Eisler 1985).
National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 1980 Mineral tolerance of domestic animals. Washington, DC. p. 392-420.
National Toxicological Program (NTP). 1980. Bioassay of selenium sulphide (gavage) for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD: NTP, National Cancer Inst., National Inst. of Health. NCI Technical Report Series No. 194, NTP No. 80-17 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Nelson, A.A., O.G. Fitzhugh, and H.O. Calvery. 1943. Liver tumours following cirrhosis caused by selenium in rats. Cancer Res. 3:230-236 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Nelson, D.A., J.E. Miller, and A. Calabrese. 1988. Effect of heavy metals on bay scallops, surf clams and blue mussels in acute and long-term exposures. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(5): 595-600 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Niimi, A.J., and Q.N. LaHam. 1975. Selenium toxicity on the early life stages of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). J. Fish Res. Board Can. 32: 803-806. (Cited from Chidambaram and Sastry 1991, and USEPA 1995).
Niimi, A.J., and Q.N. LaHam. 1976. Relative toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds of selenium to newly hatched zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Can. J. Zool. 54: 501-509 (Cited from USEPA, 1995).
Nriagu, J.O. 1989. A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature 338: 47-49 (Cited from Pacyna et al. 1995).
Nriagu, J.O., and H.K. Wong. 1983. Selenium pollution of lakes near the smelters at Sudbury, Ontario. Nature 301: 55-57 (Cited from Eisler 1985).
Nriagu, J.O., and J.M. Pacyna. 1988. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 333: 134-139.
Ogle, R.S., and A.W. Knight. 1989. Effects of elevated foodborne selenium on growth and reproduction of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18: 795-803 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Ohlendorf, H.M. 1989. Bioaccumulation and effects of selenium in wildlife. In: L.W. Jacob (ed.) Selenium in Agriculture and the Environment. SSSA Special Publication N0. 23, ASA-SSSA Inc., Madison, WI, USA. p 133-177.
Ohlendorf, H.M. 1996. Selenium. In: Noninfectious Diseases of Wildlife, A. Fairbrother, L.N. Locke, and G.L. Hoff Eds. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa. (cross reference for Ohlendorf et al., 1993)
Ohlendorf, H.M., A.W. Kilness, J.L. Simmons, R.K. Stroud, D.J. Hoffman and J.F. Moore. 1988. Selenium toxicosis in wild aquatic birds. J. Toxicol Environ. Health. 24: 67-92.
Ohlendorf, H.M., D.J. Hoffman, M.K. Saiki, and T.W. Aldrich. 1986(a). Embryonic mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds: Apparent impacts of selenium from irrigation drainwater. The Science of the Total Environment. 52: 49-63.
Ohlendorf, H.M., and G.M. Santolo. 1994. Kerston Reservoir - Past, Present, and Future: An Ecological Risk Assessment. In: Selenium in the Environment. W.T. Frankenberger and S. Benson Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 69-118 (Cited from Adams et al. 1998).
Ohlendorf, H.M., J.P. Skorupa, M.K. Saiki, and D.A. Barnum. 1993. Food chain transfer of trace elements to wildlife. In: R.G. Allen and C.M.U. Neale. Management of irrigation and drainage systems: integrated perspectives. National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, proceedings. ASCE, New York (Cited from Ohlendorf 1996).
Ohlendorf, H.M., R.L. Hothem, C.M. Bunck, T.W. Aldrich and J.F. Moore. 1986(b). Relationships between selenium concentrations and avian reproduction. Trans. N. Am. Wild. Nat. Resour. Conf. 51: 330-343 (Cited from Pascoe 1993).
Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OMOE). 1984. Water management, goals, policies, objectives and implementation procedures of the Ministry of the Environment. Revised. Toronto, Ont. 70p.
Orstadins, K. 1960. Toxicity of a single subcutaneous dose of sodium selenite in pigs. Nature. 188: 1117
Ort, J.F., and J.D. Latshaw. 1978. The toxic level of sodium selenite in the diet of laying hens. J. Nutr. 108: 1114-1120.
Oster, J.D., J.E. Tracy, J.L. Meyer, et al. 1988. Selenium in or near the southern coast range: Well waters and vegetable crops. In: K.K. Tanji, L. Valoppi, R.C. Woodring (eds) Selenium content in animal and human food crops grown in California. Cooperative Extension Univ. California, Div. Agric. Natu. Resour. Publ. 3330: 51-55 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Owsley, J.A. 1984. Acute and chronic effects of selenite-selenium on Ceriodaphnia affinis. M.S. thesis. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Owsley, J.A., and D.E. McCauley. 1986. Effect of extended sublethal exposure to sodium selenite on Ceriodaphnia affinis. Bull. Environ. contam. Toxicol. 36: 876-880 (Cited from USEPA, 1987).
Pacyna, J.M., M. T. Scholtz, and Y.-F. Li. 1995. Global budget of trace metal sources. Environ. Rev. 3: 145-159.
Palawski, D., J.B. Hunn, and F.J. Dwyer. 1985. Sensitivity of young striped bass to organic and inorganic contaminants in fresh and saline waters. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114: 748-753. (Cited in USEPA 1987).
Pascoe, G.A. 1993. Annual Review. Wetland Risk Assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 2293-2307. (cross reference for Ohlendorf et al., 1986b)
Patel, B., and J.P. Chandy. 1987. Do selenium and glutathione (GSH) detoxify mercury in marine invertebrates? II. Effects on gill adenosine triphosphatase and related blood factors...Dis. Aquat. Org. 3(2): 127-135 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Patel, B., J.P. Chandy, and S. Patel. 1988. Do selenium and glutathione inhibit the toxic effects of mercury in marine lamellibranchs? Sci. Total Environ. 76: 147-165 (Cited in USEPA 1995).
Patrick, R., T. Bott, and R. Larson. 1975. The role of trace elements in management of nuisance growth. PB-241985, NTIS (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Paulsson, K. and K. Lundbergh. 1989. The selenium method for treatment of lakes for elevated levels of mercury in fish. The Sci. Tot. Environ. 87/88: 495-507.
Pelletier, E. 1986. Modification de la bioaccumulation du selenium chez Mytilus edulis en presence du mercure organique et inorganique. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 203-210.
Peterson, J.A., and A.V. Nebeker. 1992. Estimation of waterborne selenium concentrations that are toxicity thresholds for wildlife. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23: 154-162.
Puls, R. 1981. Veterinary Trace Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity Information. Publication 5139. Information Services, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa K1A 0C7.
Reading, J.T. 1979. Acute and chronic effects of selenium on Daphnia pulex. M.S. thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA. p 1-91 (Cited in USEPA 1987, and Eisler, 1985).
Reading, J.T., and A.L. Buikema, Jr. 1983. Chronic effects of selenite-selenium on Daphnia pulex. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12: 399-404 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Richter, J.E. 1982. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI. (Memorandum to C.E. Stephan, USEPA, Duluth, MN. June 30.) (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Rosenfeld, I., and O.A. Beath. 1964. Selenium: Geobotany, biochemistry, toxicity, and nutrition. Academic Press, New York (Cited from Mikkelsen et al. 1989, USDHHS 1994).
Roy, A.C., R. Karunanithy, and S.S. Ratnam. 1990. Lack of correlation of selenium level in human semen with sperm count/mobility. Arch. Androl. 25: 59-62 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Saiki, A.K., and R.S. Ogle. 1995. Evidence of impaired reproduction by western mosquitofish inhabiting seleniferous agricultural drainwater. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124: 578-587.
Saiki, M.K., M.R. Jennings, and W.G. Brumbaugh. 1993. Boron, molybdenum, and selenium in aquatic food chains from the lower San Joaquin River and its tributaries, California. Arch. Environ. Contam. toxicol. 24: 307-319.
Sanders, R.W., and C.G. Gilmour. 1994. Accumulation of selenium in a model freshwater microbial food web. Appl. Environ. Microb. 60: 2677-2683.
Sato, T., Y. Ose, and T. Sakai. 1980. Toxicological effect of selenium on fish. Environ. Pollut. 21A: 217-224. (Cited from USEPA 1987, UNEP 1988, and Eisler 1985).
Schroeder, H.A., and M. Mitchener. 1971a. Selenium and tellurium in rats: Effects on growth, survival, and tumors. Jour. Nutr. 101: 1531-1540 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Schroeder, H.A., and M. Mitchener. 1971b. Toxic effects of trace elements on reproduction of mice and rats. Arch. Environ. Health. 23: 102-106 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Schubert, A., M.M. Holden, and W.R. Wolf. 1987. Selenium content of a core group of foods based on a critical evaluation of published analytical data. Jour. Amer. Diet Assoc. 87: 285-299 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Schultz, R., and R. Hermanutz. 1990. Transfer of toxic concentrations of selenium from parent to progeny in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45: 568-573.
Secor, C.L., and D.J. Lisk. 1989. Variations in the selenium content of individual Brazil nuts. Jour. Food Safety. 9: 279-281 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Senff, H., A. Kuhlwein, C. Bothe, et al. 1988. Allergic contact dermatitis from selenite. Contact Dermatitis 19: 73-74 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Singh, M., and N. Singh. 1978. Selenium toxicity and detoxification by phosphorus. Soil Sci. 126: 255-262.
Skorupa, J.P. 1998. Selenium poisoning of fish and wildlife in nature; lessons from twelve real-world examples. In: Environmental Chemistry of Selenium (W.T. Frankenberger and R.A. Engberg Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc. (Cited from Fairbrother et al. 1999).
Skorupa, J.P., and H.M. Ohlendorf. 1991. Contaminants in drainage water and avian risk thresholds. In: A. Dinar, and D. Zilberman (eds) The economy and management of water and drainage in agriculture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, pp 345-368 (Cited from Peterson and Nebeker 1992; Adams et al. 1998).
Smith, M.I., and B.B. Westfall. 1937. Further field studies on the selenium problem in relation to public health. Public Health Rep. 52: 1375-1384 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Smyth, J.B., J.H. Wang, R.M. Barlow, et al. 1990. Experimental acute selenium intoxication in lambs. Jour. Comp. Pathol. 102: 197-209 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Snell, T.W., B.D. Moffat, C. Janssen, and G. Persoone. 1991. Acute toxicity tests using rotifers IV. Effects of cyst age, temperature and salinity on the sensitivity of Barachionus calyciflorus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 21: 308-317 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Soltanpour, P.N., and S.M. Workman. 1980. Use of NH4HCO3-DTPA soil test to assess availability and toxicity of selenium to alfalfa plants. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 11: 1147-1156 (Cited from Adriano 1986, and Mikkelsen et al. 1989).
Sorensen, E.M.B. 1988. Selenium accumulation, reproductive status, and histopathological changes in environmentally exposed redear sunfish. Arch. Toxicol. 61: 324-329.
Spehar, R.L. 1986. USEPA, Duluth, MN. (Memorandum to D.J. Call, Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI. September 16.) (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Spehar, R.L., G.M. Christensen, C. Curtis, A.E. Lemke, T.J. Norberg, and Q.H. Pickering. 1982. Effects of pollution on freshwater fish. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 54: 877-922. (Cited from Eisler 1985).
Spencer, K. 1982. Effect of sulphur application on selenium content of subterranean clover plants grown at different levels of selenium supply. Aust. Jour. Exp. Anim. Husb. 22: 420-427 (Cited from Mikkelsen et al. 1989).
Srivastava, D.K., and R.K. Tyagi. 1985. Toxicity of selenium and vanadium to the striped gourami, Colisa fasciatus (Bloch and Schneider). Acta Hydrobiol. 25/26(3/4): 481-486 (Cited from USEPA 1995).
Stadtman, T.C. 1983. New biological functions- Selenium-dependent nucleic acids and proteins. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 3: 420-423 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Standard Methods. 1992. For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th Edition. Prepared and published jointly by: American Public Health Assn., American Water Works Assn., and Water Environment Federation. APHS, 1015-15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Stowe, H.D., and T.H. Herdt. 1992. Clinical assessment of selenium status for livestock. Jour. Anim. Sci. 70: 3928-3933.
Tarantal, A.F., C.C. Willhite, B.L. Lasley, et al. 1991. Developmental toxicity of L-seleno-methionine in Macaca fascicularis. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 16: 147-160 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Thomas, W.H., J.T. Hollibaugh, and D.L.R. Siebert. 1980. Effects of heavy metals on the morphology of some marine phytoplankton. Phycologia 19: 202-209 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1973. Water quality Criteria 1972. EPA.R3.73.033. March 1973.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1978. In-depth studies on health and environmental impacts of selected water pollutants. Contract No. 68-01-4646, USEPA, Duluth, MN: 9 p. (Table of data available from Charles E. Stephan, USEPA, Duluth, MN) (Cited from USEPA 1987, 1995).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1980. Ambient water quality criteria for selenium. US Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 440/5-80-070. 123 pp. (Cited from UNEP 1988).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality criteria for water 1986. EPA 440/5-86-001.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1987. Ambient water quality criteria for selenium-1987.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). 1994. Draft Toxicological Profile for Selenium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Div. of Toxicology, Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, E-29, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Van Der veer, W.D., and S.P. Canton. 1997. Selenium sediment thresholds and derivation of water quality criteria for freshwater biota of western streams. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 1260-1268.
Van Puymbroeck, S.L.C., W.J.J. Stips, and O.L.J. Vanderborght. 1982. The antagonism between selenium and cadmium in a freshwater mollusc. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 103-106 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Vocke, R.W., K.L. Sears, J.J. O'Toole, and R.B. Wildman. 1980. Growth responses of selected freshwater algae to trace elements and scrubber ash slurry generated by coal-fired power plants. Water Res. 14: 141-150 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Vokal-Borek, H. 1979. Selenium. Univ. of Stockholm Inst. of Physics Rep. 79-16, Stockholm, Sweden (Cited from McNeal and Balistrieri 1989).
Volgarev, M.N., and L.A. Tscherkes. 1967. Further studies in tissue changes associated with sodium selenate. In: O.H. Muth (ed.) Selenium in biomedicine. Proc. First Int. Symp., Oregon State Univ. (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Wallace, A., R.T. Mueller, and R.A. Wood. 1980. Jour. Plant Nutr. 2: 107-109 (Cited from Adriano 1986).
Wang, W. 1986. Toxicity tests of aquatic pollutants by using common duckweed. Environ. Pollut. Ser. B Chem. Phys. 11(1): 1-14 (Cited from USEPA 1987, 1995).
Ward, G.S., T.A. Hollister, P.T. Heitmuller, and P.R. Parrish. 1981. Acute and chronic toxicity of selenium to estuarine organisms. Northeast Gulf Sci. 4: 73-78. (Cited from Eisler 1985, UNEP 1988, and USEPA 1987).
Warrington, P.D. 1973. Animal weights and their food and water intake rates. File 77510-01/Methods. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC.
Watenpaugh, D.E., and T.L. Beitinger. 1985a. Oxygen consumption in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following acute exposure to water-borne selenium. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 80C: 253-256 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Watenpaugh, D.E., and T.L. Beitinger. 1985b. Se exposure and temperature tolerance of fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. J. Therm. Biol. 10: 83-86 (Cited from USEPA 1987).
Webber, T.N. 1996a. State of water quality of the Bear River at Stewart, BC (1987-1994). Water Management Branch, BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Oct. 1996, 51p.
Webber, T.N. 1996b. State of water quality of the Salmon River near Hyder, Alaska (1982-1994). Water Management Branch, BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Oct. 1996, 53p.
Webber T.N, and B. Wipperman. 1996. State of water quality of Moyie River at Kingsgate: 1979-1995. WQB, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Feb. 1996. 45p.
Webber T.N, and L.W. Pommen. 1996a. State of water quality of Kettle River at Midway: 1980-1994. WQB, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Feb. 1996, 50p.
Webber T.N, and L.W. Pommen. 1996b. State of water quality of Kettle River at Gilpin: 1980-1994. WQB, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Feb. 1996, 52p.
Webber T.N, and L.W. Pommen. 1996c. State of water quality of Kettle River at Carson: 1980-1994. WQB, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Feb. 1996, 52p.
Weir, P.A., and C.H. Hine. 1970. Effects of various metals on behaviour of conditioned goldfish. Arch. Environ. Health. 20(1): 45-51. (Cited from USEPA 1987, 1995).
West, D.W. 1967. Selenium containing inorganics in paper may play cancer role. Chem. Eng. News. 45: 12 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Westerman, D.T., and C.W. Robbins. 1974. Effect of SO4-S fertilization on Se concentration of alfalfa (Madicago sativa L.). Agron. Jour. 66: 207-208 (Cited from Mikkelsen et al. 1989).
Wheeler, A.E., R.A. Zingaro, K. Irgolic, and N.R. Bottino. 1982. The effect of selenate, selenite and sulfate on the growth of six unicellular marine algae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 57: 181-194 (Cited from USEPA 1987, and UNEP 1988).
Whittle, K.J., R. Hardy, A.V. Holden, R. Johnston, and R.J. Pentreath. 1977. Occurrence and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants in marine animals. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 298: 47-79 (Cited from Eisler 1985).
Wiemeyer, S.N., and D.J. Hoffman. 1996. Reproduction in eastern screech-owls fed selenium. J. Wildl. Manage. 60: 332-341.
Williams, C, and I. Thornton. 1972. The effect of soil additives on the uptake of molybdenum and selenium from soils from different environments. Plant Soil. 36: 395-406 (Cited from Mikkelsen et al. 1989).
Williams, M.J., R.S. Ogle, A.W. Knight, and R.G. Burau. 1994. Effects of sulfate on selenate uptake and toxicity in the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27: 449-453.
Williamson, D.A. 1988. Manitoba Surface Water Quality Objectives. A Water Standards and Studies Report. Manitoba Environment. 47p.
Wilson, T.M., P.G. Cramer, R.L. Owen, et al. 1989. Porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia: Test for an interaction between dietary selenium and niacin. Can. Jour. Vet. Res. 53: 454-461 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Wipperman, B., and Holms, G.B. 1996a. State of water quality of Fraser at River Red Pass: 1984-1995. WQB, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Mar. 1996, 48p.
Wipperman, B., and Holms, G.B. 1996b. State of water quality of Fraser River at Hansard: 1984-1995. WQB, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Apr. 1996, 67p.
Wipperman, B., and Holms, G.B. 1996c. State of water quality of Fraser River at Marguerite: 1984-1995. WQB, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Apr. 1996, 67p.
Wipperman, B., and T.N. Webber 1996. State of water quality of Elk River at Highway 93: 1984-1995. WQB, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Feb. 1996, 61p.
Wolfenberger, V. 1986. Survival of the hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus, exposed to selenium and other environmental factors. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 37: 369-374.
World Health Organization (WHO). 1987. Environmental Health Criteria 58. Selenium. Published under joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization. 306p.
World Health Organization (WHO). 1994. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Volume 2 health criteria and other supporting information. 1994. 135-140
Yang, G., R. Zhou, S. Yin, et al. 1989b. Studies of safe maximal daily dietary selenium intake in a seleniferous area in China. I. Selenium intake and tissue selenium levels of the inhabitants. Jour. Trace Elem. Electroly. Health Dis. 3: 77-87 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).
Yang, G., S. Wang, R. Zhou, and S. Sun. 1983. Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Amer. Jour. Clin. Nutr. 37: 872-881 (Cited from USDHHS 1994, WHO 1987).
Yang, G., S. Yin, R. Zhou, et al. 1989a. Studies of safe maximal daily dietary Se-intake in a seleniferous area in China. II. Relation between Se-intake and the manifestation of clinical signs and certain biochemical alterations in blood and urine (published erratum appears in Jour. Trace Elem. Electroly. Health Dis 1989. 3:250). Jour Trace Elem. Electroly. Health Dis. 3: 123-130 (Cited from USDHHS 1994).