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3.2 wastewater treatment

Treating effluent by the lime coagulation process at pH 11 removed 97% of the silver leaving a residual of <4.6 µg/L. When this effluent was spiked with silver to 54.6 µg/L, sand filtration removed 11.6% of the silver. Subsequent sequential treatments increased the removal efficiency; activated carbon achieved 97.1%, followed by cation exchange to give 98.8% and anion exchange for a final 99.4% removal. A lime precipitation-activated carbon treatment removed 98% of the silver with a residual of 10 µg/L, ferric chloride-activated carbon removed 99.1% and alum-activated carbon removed 99.2% to achieve a residual of 5 µg/L. A secondary effluent with silver levels up to 10 µg/L had no further silver reduction after additional treatment (Linstedt et al. 1971, Cohen 1977, Argo and Culp 1972).

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