Previous PageTable Of ContentsNext Page

9. references

Aeseth, J., A. Olsen, J. Halse et al. 1981. Argyria-tissue deposition of silver as selenide. Scand J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 41: 247-251.

Albright, L. J. and E. M. Wilson. 1974. Sub-lethal effects of several metallic salts-organic compound combinations upon the heterotrophic microflora of a natural water. Water Res. 8: 101-105.

Anderson, B. G. 1948 The apparent thresholds of toxicity to Daphnia magna for chlorides of various metals when added to Lake Erie water. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 78: 96-113.

Anon. 1990. Toxicological Profile for Silver. Prepared by Clement International Corp. under contract No. 205-88-0608. For: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. TP-90-24.

Anon. 1991. Silver. Drinking Water Health Advisory. U. S. Envir. Prot. Agency. PB92-135516.

Anon. Aust. 1992. Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council. Canberra. ISBN 0-642-18297-3.

Anon. H. & W. Can. 1992. Guidelines for Canadian Recreational Water Quality. Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health. National Health and Welfare, Canada. ISBN 0-660-14239-2.

Anon. Env. Can. 1995. Summary Report 1993. The National Pollutant Release Inventory. Environment Canada. ISBN 0-662-23235-6.

Anon. H. & W. Can. 1993. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Fifth Edition. Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health. National Health and Welfare, Canada. ISBN 0-660-14950-8.

Argo, D. G. and G. L. Culp. 1972. Heavy metals removal in wastewater treatment processes. Part 2-pilot plant operation. Water Sewage Works, 119(9): 128-132.

Bader, K. F. 1966. Organ deposition of silver following silver nitrate therapy of burns. Plast. Reconstruct. Surg. 37: 550-551.

Bard, C. C., J. J. Murphy, D. L. Stone and C. J. Terhaar. 1976. Silver in photoprocessing effluents. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed. 48(2): 389-394.

Barkov, G. D. and L. I. El'piner. 1968. The need for limiting the Silver content of Drinking Water. Hyg. Sanit. 33: 16-21.

Berry, J. P. and P. Galle. 1982. Selenium and kidney deposits in experimental argyria. Electron microsopy and microanalysis. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 30: 136-140.

Bertine, K. K. and E. D. Goldberg. 1971. Fossil fuel combustion and the major sedimentary cycle. Science 173: 233-235.

Beyer, E. M. 1976. A potent inhibitor of ethylene action in plants. Plant Physiol. 58: 268-271.

Bionomics, E. G. and G. 1979. The acute toxicity of various silver compounds to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Research Report #BW-79-12-576 submitted to the National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc., 600 Mamaronick Ave., Harrison, N. Y. 10528, by E. G. and G. Bionomics, 790 Main Street, Wareham, Mass.

Bionomics, E. G. and G. 1980a. The toxicity of silver, as silver thiosulphate, to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) eggs and fry. Research Report #BW-80-4-632 submitted to the National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc., 600 Mamaronick Ave., Harrison, N. Y. 10528, by E. G. and G. Bionomics, 790 Main Street, Wareham, Mass.

Bionomics, E. G. and G. 1980b. The toxicity of silver, as silver sulphide, to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) eggs and fry. Research Report #BW-80-6-691 submitted to the National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc., 600 Mamaronick Ave., Harrison, N. Y. 10528, by E. G. and G. Bionomics, 790 Main Street, Wareham, Mass.

Birge, W. J., J. A. Black, J. F. Hobson, A. G. Westerman and T. M. Short. 1984. Toxicological studies on aquatic contaminants originating from coal production and utilization: the induction of tolerance to silver in laboratory populations of fish and the chronic toxicity of nickel to fish early life stages. Research report No. 151. Water Resources Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.

Bitton, G., B. Koopeman and J. Wang. 1984. Baker's yeast assay procedure for testing heavy metal toxicity. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32: 80-84.

Blumberg, H. and T. N. Carey. 1934. Argyremia: Detection of unsuspected and obscure argyria by the spectrographic demonstration of high blood silver. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 103:1521-1524.

Bowen, H. J. M. 1966. Trace elements in biochemistry. Academic Press, London, New York.

Boyle, R. W. 1968. The geochemistry of silver and its deposits. Geol. Surv. Can. Bull. No. 160, Dep't. Energy, Mines Resources, Ottawa.

Bringmann, G. and R. Kühn. 1959. Vergleichende wasser-toxikologishe Untersuchungen an Bakterien, Algen und Kleinkrebsen. Gesund. Ing. 80: 115-120.

Bringmann, G. and R. Kühn. 1978. Testing of substances for their toxicity threshold: model organisms Microcystis (Diplocystis) aeruginosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda. Mitt. Intern. Verein. Limnol. 21: 275-284.

Brooke, L. T., D. J. Call, C. A. Lindberg, T. P. Markee, S. H. Poirier and D. J. McCauley. 1986. Acute Toxicity of silver to selected freshwater invertebrates. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior. Superior, WI. Report to Battelle Memorial Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.

Brown, B. T. and B. M. Rattigan. 1979. Toxicity of soluble copper and other metal ions to Elodea canadensis. Environ. Poll. 20(4): 303-314.

Bryan and Langston. 1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to U.K. estuaries: a review. Env. Poll. 76: 89-131.

Bryan, G. W. and L. G. Hummerstone. 1977. Indicators of heavy-metal contamination in the Looe estuary (Cornwall) with particular regard to silver and lead. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. (UK.) 57: 75-92.

Buckley, W. R. 1963. Localized argyria. Arch. Dermatol. 88: 531-539.

Buckley, W. R., C. F. Oster and D. W. Fassett. 1965. Localized argyria II. Chemical nature of the silver containing particles. Arch. Dermatol. 92: 697-705.

Buhl, K. J. and S. J. Hamilton. 1991. Relative Sensitivity of early life stages of arctic grayling, coho salmon and rainbow trout to nine inorganics. Ecotoxic. and Environ. Safety 22: 184-197.

Buikema, A. L., J. Cairns and G. W. Sullivan. 1974. Evaluation of Philodina acuticornis (rotifera) as a bioassay organism for heavy metals. Water Res. Bull. 10(4): 648-661.

Cain, D. J. and S. N. Luoma. 1985. Copper and silver accumulation in transplanted and resident clams (Macoma balthica) in South San Francisco Bay. Mar. Environ. Res. 15: 115-135.

Calabrese, A. and D. A. Nelson. 1974. Inhibition of embryonic development of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria by heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Toxicol. Contam, 11(1): 92-97.

Calabrese, A., J. R. MacInnes, D. A. Nelson and J. E. Miller. 1977. Survival and growth of bivalves under heavy metal stress. Mar. Biol. 41: 179-184.

Calabrese, A., J. R. MacInnes, D. A. Nelson, R. A. Greig and P. P. Yevich. 1984. Effects of long-term exposure to silver or copper on growth, bioaccumulation and histopathology in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Environ. Res. 11: 253-274.

Calabrese, A., R. S. Collier, D. A. Nelson and J. R. MacInnes. 1973. The toxicity of heavy metals to embryos of the american oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Biol. 18: 162-166.

Catsakis, L. H. and V. I. Sulica. 1978. Allergy to silver amalgams. Oral Surg. 46: 371-375.

CCME. 1987. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Prepared by the Water Quality Guidelines Task Group. Canadian Council of Resource and Environmental Ministers. Ottawa, Canada.

CELDS. 1989. Computer-Environment Legislative Data Systems. The Environmental Technical Information System (ETIS). Dept. Urban and Regional Planning, Planning Information Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Chamaign, Il. Jan. 6.

Chao, T. T. and B. J. Anderson. 1974. The scavenging of silver by manganese and iron oxides in stream sediments collected from two drainage areas of Colorado. Chem. Geol. 14: 159-166.

Chapman, G. A. 1980. Memorandum to Q. Pickering. Newtown Fish Toxicology Station.

CHEMLINE. 1988. National Library of Medicine. National Toxicology Information Program. Bethesda, Maryland. Dec. 5, 1988.

Chen, K. Y. and J. C. Morris. 1972. Oxidation of sulphide by O2. Env. Sci. and Tech., 6: 529-537.

Chin, Y. 1973. Recovery of heavy metals by microbes. Ph. D. Thesis. Univ. of Western Ontario School of Engineering. London, Ontario.

Chisholm, A. J. Atmospheric Environment Service. Personal Communication. In: M. A. Taylor, A. Demayo and S. Reeder. 1980. Guidelines for Surface Water Quality. Vol. 1. Inorganic Chemical Substances. Silver. IWD, Water Quality Branch, Ottawa.

Chou, C. L., H. F. Uthe, J. D. Castell and J. C. Kean. 1987. Effect of dietary cadmium on growth, survival, and tissue concentrations of cadmium, zinc, copper, and silver in juvenile american lobster (Homarus americanus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 1443-1450.

Chou, C. L., J. D. Castell, J. F. Uthe, and J. C. Kean. 1981. Dietary copper requirement and possible role of silver in lobster (Homarus americanus). In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Aquaculture Nutrition: Biochemical and physiological approach to shellfish nutrition. G. O. Pruder, C. Landgon, and D. Conklin (Editors.). Delaware, USA. Special Publication No. 2: 414-415.

Chudd, J. M. 1979. The measurement of silver ion activity. Tech. Mem. 79-11, Industrial Lab., Eastman Kodak, Rochester, N. Y.

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton. Editors. 1981 - 1982. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Vol. 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd Ed. J. Wiley Sons, NY.

Coglianese, M. P. 1982. The effects of salinity on copper and silver toxicity to embryos of the Pacific oyster. Archives of Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 297 -303.

Coglianese, M. P. and M. Martin. 1981. Individual and interactive effects of environmental stress in the embryonic development of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. I. The toxicity of copper and silver. Mar. Environm. Res. 5: 13-27.

Cohen, J. M. 1977. Trace metal removal by wastewater treatment technology. Tech. Trans., US Envir. Prot. Agency. January.

Coleman, R. L. and J. E. Cearley. 1974. Silver toxicity and accumulation in largemouth bass and bluegill. Bull. Environm. Contamin. Toxicol. 12(1): 53-61.

Cooper, C. F. and W. C. Jolly. 1970. Ecological effects of silver iodide and other weather modification agents: a review. Water Resources Research. 6(1): 88-98.

Copeland, R. A, R. H. Beeth and W. W. Prater. 1973. Trace element distributions in Lake Michigan fish. Special Report No. 2, Environmental Research Group Inc.

Cowgill, U. M. 1973. Biogeochemical cycles for the chemical elements in Nymphaea odorata Ait. and the aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) living in Linsey Pond. Sci. Total Environm. 2(3): 259-303.

Cowgill, U. M. and C. W. Burns. 1975. Differences in chemical composition between two species of Daphnia and some freshwater algae cultured in the laboratory. Limonol. Oceanogr. 20: 1005-1011.

Creason, J. P., D. Svendsgaard, J. Bumgartner, C. Pinkerton and T. Hinners. 1976. Maternal-fetal tissue levels of 16 trace elements in 8 selected continental United States communities. In: Trace substances in Environmental Health-X. Proc. 10th. Ann. Conf. on trace substances in environmental health. D. D. Hemphill (Editor). Univ. Missouri, Columbia.

Danscher, G. 1981. Light and electron microscopic localization of silver in biological tissue. Histochemistry 71: 177-186.

Davies, P. H. 1976. The need to establish heavy metal standards on the basis of dissolved metals. In: Toxicity to biota of metal forms in natural waters. Proc. Int. Joint Com. Workshop 1976. pages: 93-126.

Davies, P. H. and J. P. Goettl. 1978. Evaluation of the potential impacts of silver and/or silver iodide on rainbow trout in laboratory and high mountain lake environments. In: Environmental impacts of artificial ice nucleating agents. D. A. Klein (Editor). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

Davies, P. H., J. P. Goettl and J. R. Sinley. 1978. Toxicity of silver to rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Water Res. 12: 113-117.

Deby, C., Z. -M. Bacq and D. Simon. 1973. In vitro inhibition of the biosynthesis of a prostoglandin by gold and silver. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22(23): 3141-3143.

DeMayo, A., E. Brien and K. W. Taylor. 1979. The concentration of elements in crude oils, coals and fly ash. Unpublished literature review. Water Qual. Branch, IWD, Envir. Can., Ottawa.

Dequidt, J., P. Vasseur, and J. Gromez-Potentier. 1974. Experimental toxicological study of some silver derivatives. Bull. de la Soc. de Pharm. de Lille. 1: 23-35.

Dufficy, T. J., R. Cappel and S. M. Summers. 1993. Silver Discharge Regulations Questioned. Update. Water Environment and Technology April 1993: 52-56.

Durfor, C. N. and E. Becker. 1964. Public water supplies of the 100 largest cities in the United States, 1962. US Geol. Surv. Paper 1812. Wash, DC. US Gov. Print. Off.

Dyck, W. 1968. Adsorption and co-precipitation of silver on hydrous ferric oxides. Can. J. Chem. 46: 1441-1444.

East, B. W., K. Boddy, E. D. Williams et al. 1980. Silver retention, total body silver and tissue silver concentrations in argyria associated with exposure to an antismoking remedy containing silver acetate. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 5: 305-311.

Einabarawy, M. T., A. N. Welter and R. R. Robideau. 1986. Relative sensitivity of three daphnid species to selected organic and inorganic chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:393-398.

Ewing, R. A. et al. 1969. Report, Batelle Mem. Inst. Columbus, Ohio.

Eyster, L. S. and M. P. Morse. 1984. Development of the surf clam, Spisula solidissima following exposure of gametes, embryos and larvae to silver. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 641-646.

Flemming, H. 1987. Microbial growth on ion exchangers. Water Research 21(7): 745-756.

Forycki, Z., W. Zegarski, J. Bardzik et al. 1983. Acute silver poisoning through inhalation. Bull. Instit. Maritime Tropical Medicine in Gdynia. 34: 199-203.

Freeman, R. A. 1975. Study of the effects of weather modification on alpine lakes. Prepared for Colorado Division of Wildlife. Job Completion Report, Federal Aid Project F-33-R-10, Job No. 8.

Freeman, R. A. 1977. The ecological kinetics of silver in an alpine lake eco-system. Second ASTM symposium on aquatic toxicology, Oct. 31 to Nov. 1, 1977 (Preprint only). Cleveland, Ohio. Reviewed In: USEPA, Water related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol. 1 EPA-440/479-29a. Wash., DC.

Friberg, L., G. F. Norberg, E. Kessler and V. B. Vouk. Editors. 1986. Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. Second edition. Volumes 1 and 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

Fukai, R. and C. N. Murray. 1973. Environmental behavior of radiocobalt and radiosilver released from nuclear power stations into aquatic systems. In: Environmental behaviour of radionuclides released in the nuclear industry. Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Furchner, J. E., G. A. Drake and C. R. Richmond. 1966. Retention of silver-110 by mice. University of California, Los Alamos: US Atomic Energy Commission, Science Laboratory.

Furchner, J. E., C. R. Richmond and G. A. Drake. 1968. Comparative metabolism of radionuclides in mammals-IV. Retention of silver 110m in the mouse, rat, monkey and dog. Health Phys. 15(6): 505-514.

George, J. G. 1976. Silver. In: Canadian Minerals Yearbook 1975. Reprint No. 45. Dep't. Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa.

George, S. G., B. T. Pirie, A. Calabrese and D. A. Nelson. 1986. Biochemical and ultrastructural observations of long-term silver accumulation in the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Mar. Environ. Res. 18: 255-265.

Giancola, Diane. Editor. 1994. Canadian Mines Handbook. 1993-94. Southham Magazine Group. pages 429-431.

Gilfillan, E. S., D. S. Page, D. Vallas, L. Gonzalez, E. Pendergast, J. C. Foster and S. A. Hanson. 1985. Relationship between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and aspartate amino transferase activities, scope for growth and body burden of Ag, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn in populations of Mytilus edulis from a polluted estuary. In: Marine pollution and physiology: recent advances. F. J. Vernberg, F. P. Thurberg, A. Calabrese and W. Vernberg (Editors). Columbia, South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press.

Goettl, J. P., P. H. Davies and J. R. Sinley. 1976. Water Pollution Studies. Colorado Fisheries Research Review 1972-1975. Colorado Division of Wildlife Review No. 8: 68-75.

Goettl, J. P. and P. H. Davies. 1978. Water Pollution Studies. Colorado. Job Progress Report. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Department of Natural Resources, Boulder, Colorado.

Goff, H. and E. L. Powers. 1975. Effects of X-rays on Ag-DNA complexes. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 27: 503-507.

Golow, A. A. and J. N. Larea. 1994. Levels of Iron, Silver, Zinc and Lead in Oranges and Avocados from two Gold-rich towns compared with levels in an adjacent Gold-deficient town. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 53:332-336.

Grasso, P., R. Abraham, R. Hendy, A. T. Diplock, L. Goldberg and J. Green. 1969. The role of dietary silver in the production of liver necrosis in vitamin E-deficient rats. Exptl. Mol. Pathol. 11: 186-199.

Grayson, M. Editor. 1983. Silver and Silver Alloys; Silver and Compounds. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 21. 3rd. Edition. pages 1-32.

Green, J. and J. Bunyan. 1969. Vitamin E and the biological, antioxidant theory. Nutr. Abst. Rev. 39(2): 321-345.

Greig, R. A., B. A. Nelson and D. A. Nelson. 1975. Trace metal content in the american oyster. Mar. Poll. Bull. 6: 72-73.

Greig, R. A., D. R. Wenzloff, A. Adams, B. Nelson and C. Shelpuk. 1977. Trace metals from organisms from ocean disposal sites of the middle eastern United States. Arch. Environm. Contamin. Toxicol. 6: 395-409.

Greig, R. A., S. Schurman, J. Pereira, and P. Naples. 1983. Metals and PCB concentrations in windowpane flounder from Long Island Sound. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31: 257-262.

Hale, J. G. 1977. Toxicity of metal mining wastes. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 17(1): 66-73.

Hart, B. 1974. A compilation of Australian water quality criteria. Aust. Water Res. Coun. Tech. Paper No. 7, Canberra.

Hem, J. D. 1977. Reactions of metal ions at surfaces of hydrous iron oxide. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 41: 527-538.

Heyl, T. 1979. Contact dermatitis from silver coat. Contact Dermatitis 5: 197.

Hill, C. H., B. Starcher and G. Matrone. 1964. Mercury and silver interrelationships with copper. J. Nutrition 83(2): 107-110.

Hill, W. R. and D. M. Pilsbury. 1939. Argyria, the Pharmacology of Silver. The Williams and Wilkin Co. Baltimore, Md.

Holcombe, G., G. L. Phipps, A. H. Sulaiman and A. D. Hoffman. 1987. Simultaneous multiple species testing: acute toxicity of 13 chemicals to 12 diverse freshwater amphibian, fish and invertebrate families. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 16: 697-710.

Holcombe, G. W., G. L. Phipps and J. T. Fiandt. 1983. Toxicity of selected priority pollutants to various aquatic organisms. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 7: 400-409.

Horovitz, C. T., H. H. Schock and L. A. Horovitz-Kisimova. 1974. The content of scandium, thorium, silver and other trace elements in different plant species. Plant Soil, 40(2): 397-403.

HSDB. 1988. Hazardous Substances Databank. National Library of Medicine. National Toxicology Information Program. Bethesda, Maryland. Dec. 5, 1988.

Hutchinson, T. C. and H. Czyrska. 1975. Heavy metal toxicity and synergism to floating aquatic weeds. Vehr. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19: 2102-2111.

Hutchinson, T. C. and P. M. Stokes. 1975. Heavy metal toxoicity and algal bioassays. Water Quality Parameters. Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Pub. 573: 320-343.

HWC. 1978. Guidlines for Canadian drinking water quality. Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa.

IJC. 1982. Chapter 2.2. Silver. Report of the Aquatic Ecosystem Objectives Committee to the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ont.

Jackim, E., J. M. Hamlin and S. Sonis. 1970. Effects of metal poisoning on 5 liver enzymes in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). J. Fish Res. Bd. Can. 27: 383-390.

Jain, M. K. 1977. Handbook of Enzyme inhibitors. Wiley, UK.

Jenne, E. A., D. C. Girvin, J. W. Ball and J. M. Bruchard. 1978. Inorganic speciation of silver in natural waters - fresh to marine. In: Environmental impacts of artificial ice nucleating agents. D. A. Klein (Editor). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

Jones, J. R. E. 1939. The relation between the electrolytic solution pressures of the metals and their toxicity to the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). J. Exp. Biol. 16: 925-937.

Jones, K. C., P. J. Peterson and B. E. Davies. 1985. Silver and other metals in some aquatic bryophytes from streams in the lead mining district of mid-Wales, Great Britain. Water Air and Soil Poll. 24: 329-338.

Keating. John. 1992. Silver. In: Canadian Minerals Yearbook. Review and Outlook. Dep't. Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa.

Kehoe, R. A., J. Cholak and R. V. Story. 1940. A spectrochemical study of the normal ranges of concentration of certain trace metals in biological materials. J. Nutr. 19: 579-592.

Khangarot, B. S. 1991. Toxicity of metals to a freshwater tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex (Muller). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31: 257-262.

Khangarot, B. S. and P. K. Ray. 1987a. Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna and fish. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 38: 722-726.

Khangarot, B. S. and P. K. Ray. 1987b. Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), to heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38: 523-527.

Khangarot, B. S. and P. K. Ray. 1988a. Sensitivity of freshwater pulmonate snails, Lymnaea luteola (L.), to heavy metals. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 41: 208-213.

Khangarot, B. S. and P. K. Ray. 1988b. The acute toxicity of silver to some freshwater fishes. Acta. Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 16(5): 541-545.

Kharkar, D. P., K. K. Turekian and K. K. Bertine. 1968. Stream supply of dissolved silver, molybdenum, antimony, selenium, chromium, cobalt, rubidium and cesium to the oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 32: 285-298.

Klein, D. A. 1978. -Biochemical effects of silver; -Effects on microorganisms; -Plant effects; -Silver effects: other terrestrial organisms; -Effects on humans. In: Environmental impacts of artificial ice nucleating agents. D. A. Klein (Editor). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

Klein, D. A. and R. A. Giangiordano. 1976. Evaluation of potential impacts of silver iodide nucleating agents on aerobic and anaerobic aquatic microbial processes. Proc. 2nd. WMO Sci. Conf. Weather Modification, Boulder, Colorado. Pages: 569-575.

Klein, D. A. and G. Mulvey. 1978. Amounts of silver-derived agents used in weather modification in relation to contributions from other sources. In: Environmental impacts of artificial ice nucleating agents. D. A. Klein (Editor). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

Klein-Macphee, G., J. A. Cardin and W. J. Berry. 1984. Effects of silver on eggs and larvae of the winter flounder. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113: 247-251.

Koechlin, N. and M. Grasset. 1988. Silver contamination in the marine polychaete annelid Sabbella pavoninas: a cytological and analytical study. Mar. Environ. Res. 26: 249-263.

Konradova, V. 1968. The Ultrastructure of the tracheal epithelium in rabbits following inhalation of aerosols of colloidal solutions of heavy metals. I: Changes in the ultrastructure of the tracheal epithelium after 2-hour inhalation of colloidal solutions of iron and silver. II: Signs of cell alteration in the epithelium after 8-hour inhalation of colloidal solutions of iron and silver. Folia Morph (Praha) 16: 258-271.

Kopp, J. F. and R. C. Kroner. 1967. Trace metals in waters of the United States. A five year summary of trace metals in rivers and lakes of the United States. (October 1, 1962 to September 30, 1967). Cincinnati, Ohio. USDI, FWPCA, Div. Poll. Surv.

Landas, S., J. Fisher, L. D. Wilkin et al. 1985. Demonstaration of regional blood-brain barrier permeability in human brain. Neurosc. Lett. 57: 251-256.

LeBlanc, G. A. 1980. Acute Toxicity of Priority Pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna). Bull. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2:95-104.

LeBlanc, G. A., J. D. Mastone, A. P. Paradice, B. F. Wilson, H. B. Lockhart and K. A. Robillard. 1984. The influence of speciation of silver to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3: 37-46.

Lemke, A. E. 1981. Interlaboratory comparison: acute testing set. EPA-600/S3-81-005 or PB81-160772. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.

Lima, A. R., C. Curtis, D. E. Hammermeister, D. J. Call and T. A. Felhaber. 1982. Acute toxicity of silver to selected fish and invertebrates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28: 189.

Linstedt, K. D., C. P. Houck and J. T. O'Connor. 1971. Trace element removals in advanced wastewater treatment processes. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed. 43(7): 1507-1513.

Lisk, D. J. 1972. Trace metals in soils, plants and animals. Adv. Agron. 24: 267-325.

Lockhart, H. B. 1980. The environmental fate of silver discharged to the environment by the photographic industry. Tech. Mem., Health, Safety and Human Factors Lab., Eastman Kodak, Rochester, N. Y.

Loeb, L. A., M. A. Sirover, L. A. Weymouth et al. 1977. Infidelity of DNA synthesis as related to mutagenisis and carcinogenisis. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 2: 1297-1304.

Luk, K. F. S., A. H. Maki and R. J. Hoover. 1975. Studies of heavy metal binding with polynucleotides using optical detection. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97: 1241-1242.

Luoma, S. N. and E. Jenne. 1976. Estimating bioavailability of sediment-bound trace metals with chemical extractants. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. D. D. Hemphill (Editor). Proc. 10th. Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health. University of Missouri, Columbia.

Lussier, S. M., J. H. Gentile and J. Walker. 1985. Acute and chronic effects of heavy metals and cyanide on Mysidopsis bahia. (Crustacea: Mysidacea). Aquatic Toxicology 7: 25.

MacInnes, J. R. and A. Calabrese. 1977. Response of embryos of the american oyster, Crassostrea virginica, to heavy metals at different temperatures. In: Physiology and behavior of marine organisms. D. S. McLusky and A. J. Berry (Editors). Proc. 12th Eur. Mar. Biol. Symp. p. 195. Oxford, Pergammon Press.

MacInnes, J. R. and F. P. Thurberg. 1973. Effects of metals on the behavior and oxygen consumption of the mud snail. Mar. Poll. Bull. 4: 185-186.

MacIntyre, D., A. L. C. McLay, B. W. East et al. 1978. Silver poisoning associated with an anti smoking lozenge. Br. Med. J. 2: 1749-1750.

Majorta, R., C. Ballan-Dufrançais, A. Y. Jeantet, P. Gouzerh, J. C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, B. Bertht and J. P. Baud. 1988. Effets chimiques et cytologique de la contamination expérimentale de l'hûitre Crassostrea gigas, par l'argent administré sous forme dissoute et par voie alimentaire. Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1827-1841.

Marks, R. 1966. Contact dermatitis due to silver. Br. J. Dermatol. 78: 606-607.

Marshall, J. P. and R. P. Schneider. 1977. Systematic argyria: secondary to topical silver nitrate. Arch. Dermatol. 113: 1077-1079.

Martin, M., K. E. Osborn, P. Billig and N. Glickstein. 1981. Toxicities of ten metals to Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis embryos and Cancer magister larvae. Mar. Poll. Bull. 12(9): 305-308.

Martin, T. R. and D. M. Holdich. 1986. The acute lethal toxicity of heavy metals to peracarid crustaceans (with particular reference to fresh-water asellids and gammarids). Wat. Res. 20(9): 1137-1147.

Matuk, Y., M. Ghosh and C. McCulloch. 1981. Distribution of silver in the eyes and plasma proteins of the albino rat. Can. J. Opthamol 16: 145-150.

Mauss, Y., P. Poulet, J. Steibel et al. 1980. Interaction of proflvine-calf thymus DNA complexes with Ag+ and Hg++ ions. Studia Biophysica. 81: 95-96.

McCoy, E. C. and H. S. Rosenkranz. 1978. Silver sulfadiazine: Lack of mutagenic activity. Chemotherapy (Basel) 24: 87-91.

McDuffie, B., I. El-Barbary, G. J. Hollod and R. D. Tiberio. 1976. Trace metals in rivers-speciation, transport and role of sediments. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. D. D. Hemphill (Editor). Proc. 10th. Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health. University of Missouri, Columbia.

McMahon, J. T. and W. F. Bergfield. 1983. Metallic cutaneous contaminant mimicking malignant melanoma. Cleveland Clinic Quart. 50: 177-181.

McMullen, M. K. 1976. Coal and coke. In: Canadian Minerals Yearbook 1975. Dep't Energy Mines and Resources, Ottawa.

Merritt, W. F. 1976. Trace element content of precipitation in a remote area. In: Measurement, detection and control of environmental pollutants. Int. Atomic Eregy Agency, Vienna, STI/PUB/432.

Metayer, C., C. Amiard-Triquet and J. P. Baud. 1990. Species related variations of silver related bioaccumulation and toxicity to three marine bivalves. Wat. Res. 24(8): 995-1001.

Miller, L. P., S. E. A. McCallan and R. M. Weed. 1953. Rate of Uptake and Toxic dose on a spore weight basis of various fungicides. Contributions from Boyce Thompson Institute 17: 173-195.

Minoia, C. et al. 1987. Occupational and Environmental Chemical Hazards.

Mitchell, M. F. 1993. Multimedia Exposure Analysis for Silver. Submitted to Rod Raphael, Bureau of Chemical Hazards, Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada. January 19 draft.

Modak, S. M. and C. L. Fox. 1973. Binding of silver sulfadiazine to the cellular components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22: 2391-2404.

Moffat, D. B. and M. Creasey. 1972. The distribution of ingested silver in the kidney of the rat and of the rabbit. Acta Anat. 83: 346-355.

Morel, F., R. E. McDuff and J. J. Morgan. 1973. Interactions and chemostasis in aquatic systems: role of pH, pE, solubility and complexation. In: Trace metals and metal-organic interactions in natural waters. P. C. Singer (Editor). Ann Arbor Science Pub., Mich.

Mount, D. I. and T. J. Norberg. 1984. A seven-day life-cycle Cladoceran toxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3: 425-434.

MRI. 1975. Silver. An appraisal of environmental exposure. Midwest Research Institute, Tech. Report #3.

Mulvey, G. 1978. Atmospheric transport processes. In: Environmental imports of artificial ice nucleating agents. D. A. Klein (Editor). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Penn.

Murray, C. N. and L. Murray. 1973. Adsorption-desorption equilibria of some radionuclides in sediment-freshwater and sediment-seawater systems. In: Environmental behaviour of radionuclides released in the nuclear industry. Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Murthy, G. K. and U. Rhea. 1968. Cadmium and Silver content of Market Milk. J. Dairy Science. 51(4): 610-612.

Nasu, Y. and M. Kugimoto. 1981. Lemna (duckweed) as an indicator of water pollution. I. The sensitivity of Lemna paucicostata to heavy metals. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10: 159-169.

Nebeker, A. V. 1982. Evaluation of a Daphnia magna renewal life-cycle test method with silver and endosulfan. Water Res. 16(5): 739-744.

Nebeker, A. V., C. K. McAuliffe, R. Mshar and D. G. Stevens. 1983. Toxicity of silver to steelhead and rainbow trout, fathead minnows and Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2: 95-104.

Nehring, R. B. 1976. Aquatic insects as biological monitors of heavy metal pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15(2): 147-154.

Nelson, D. A., A. Calabrese, R. A. Greig, P. P. Yevich and S. Chang. 1983. Long-term silver effects on the marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 12: 155-165.

Nelson, W. G. 1978. The effects of mercury, silver and copper on the survival and growth of Crepidula fornicata larvae. M.S. Thesis, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Connecticut.

Newton, D. and A. Holmes. 1966. A case of accidental inhalation of zinc-65 and silver-110m. Radiat. Res. 29: 403-412.

Nishioka, H. 1975. Mutagenic activities of metal compounds in bacteria. Mutat. Res. 31: 185-189.

Nordberg, G. F. and L. Gerhardsson. 1988. Silver In: H. G. Seiler and H. Sigel. Editors. Handbook on toxicity of inorganic compounds. Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY.

Olcott, C. T. 1947. Experimental argyrosis. 3. Pigmentation of the eyes of rats following ingestion of silver during long periods of time. Am. J. Pathol. 23: 783-789.

Olcott, C. T. 1948. Experimental argyrosis. 4. Morphologic changes in the experimental animal. Am. J. Pathol. 24: 813-833.

Olivier, P. and D. Marzin. 1987. Study of the genotoxic potential of 48 inorganic derivatives with the SOS chromotest. Mutat. Res. 189: 263-269.

Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1979. Rationale for the establishment of Ontario's Prov. Water Quality Objectives. Toronto, Ont., 236 pages.

Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1984. Water management. Goals, Policies, Objectives and Implementation Procedures of the Ministry of the Environment, Revised. Toronto, Ontario. 70 pages.

Pereira, J. J. and K. Kanungo. 1981. Effects of silver on respiration and on ion and water balance in Neanthes virens. In: Biological monitoring of marine pollutants. F. J. Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurberg and W. B. Vernberg (Editors). Academic Press, New York.

Phalen, R. F. and P. E. Morrow. 1973. Experimental inhalation of metallic silver. Health Phys. 24: 509-518.

Pifer, J. W., B. R. Friedlander, R. T. Kintz, et al. 1989. Absence of toxic effects in silver reclamation workers. Scand. J. Work Envir. Health. 15:210-221.

Presant, E. W. and W. M. Tupper. 1965. Trace Elements in some New Brunswick soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 45: 305-310.

Rao, T. S., M. S. Rao and S. B. S. Krishna Prasad. 1975. Median tolerance limits of some chemicals to the fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio. Indian J. Environ. Health. 17(2): 140-146.

Robison, S. H., O. Cantoni and M. Costa. 1982. Strand breakage and decreased molecular weight of DNA induced by specific metal compounds. Carcinogenisis (Lond) 3: 657-662.

Robinson, W. E., M. P. Morse, B. A. Penney, J. P. Kakareka and E. U. Meyhöfer. 1985. The eulamellibranch Mercenaria mercenarua (L.): a review and current data on metals accumulation and the internal transport of cadmium. In: Marine pollution and physiology: recent advances. F. J. Vernberg, F. P. Thurberg, A. Calabrese, and W. Vernberg (Editors). University of South Carolina Press, South Carolina.

Rosenman, K. D., A. Moss and S. Kon. 1979. Argyria: Clinical implications of exposure to silver nitrate and silver oxide. J. Occup. Med. 21: 430-435.

Rosenman, K. D., N. Seixas and I. Jacobs. 1987. Potential nephrotoxic effects of exposure to silver. Br. J. Ind. Med. 44:267-272.

RTECS. 1988. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Library of Medicine. National Toxicology Information Program. Bethesda, Maryland. Dec. 5, 1988.

Rungby, J. 1986. Experimental argyrosis: Ultrastructural localization of silver in rat eye. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 45: 22-30.

Rungby, J. and G. Danscher. 1983. Neuronal accumulation of silver in brains of progeny from argyric rats. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 60: 92-98.

Rungby, J. and G. Danscher. 1984. Hypoactivity in silver exposed mice. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 55:398-401.

Sanders, J. G. and G. R. Abbe. 1989. Silver transport and impact in estuarine and marine systems. In: Aquatic toxicology and environmental fate: Vol. 11. G. W. Suter. and M. A. Lewis (Editors). American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.

Sano, S., R. Fujimori, M. Takashima et al. 1982. Absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of silver sulphadiazine. Burns. 8: 278-285.

Scicchitano, D. A. and A. E. Pegg. 1987. Inhibition of 6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase by metals. Mutat. Res. 192: 207-210.

Scott, K. G. and J. G. Hamilton. 1950. The metabolism of silver in the rat with radio-silver used as an indicator. University of Calif. Publ. Pharmacol. 2: 241-262.

Seiler, H. G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel. Editors. 1988. Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY. Marcel Dekker, Inc., p. 620.

Shelton, D. and R. Golding. 1979. Silver poisoning associated with an antismoking lozenge. Br. Med. J. Jan. 27, 1: (6158): 267.

Shimamoto, Y. and H. Shimamato. 1987. Systematic argyria secondary to breath freshener "Jintan Silver Pills". Hiroshima Jour. Medical Science 36: 245-247.

Sienko, M. J. and R. A. Plane. 1966. Chemistry: Principles and Properties. McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. Y.

Slade, S. J. and G. F. Pegg. 1993. The effect of silver and other metal ions on the in vitro growth of root-rotting Phyophthora and other fungal species. Ann. Appl. Biol. 122: 233-251.

Snyder, W. S. et al. 1975. Report of the task group on reference man. Oxford, England. Pergamon Press. 407-708.

Sokol, R. A. and D. A. Klein. 1975. The response of soil and soil micro-organisms to silver iodide weather modification agents. J. Environ. Qual. 4(2): 211-214.

Sollman, T. 1957. A manual of pharmacology and its applications to therapeutics and toxicology. 8th. Ed. W. B. Saunders, Phil.

Stokes, P. M., T. C. Hutchinson and K. Krauter. 1973. Heavy metal tolerance in algae isolated from polluted lakes near the Sudbury, Ontario smelters. Water Pollut. Res. Can. 8: 178-201.

Stokinger, H. E. 1981. The Metals: silver. Ag. In: G. D. Clayton and F. E. Clayton. Editors. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 3rd. Edition. Vol. 2A. John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Taylor, M., A. Demayo and S. Reeder. 1980. Guidelines for Surface Water Quality. Vol. 1. Inorganic Chemical Substances. Silver. IWD, Water Quality Branch, Ottawa.

Taylor, S. R. 1964. Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 28:1273-1285.

Teller, H. L. and D. A. Klein. 1973. Disposition and environmental impact of silver iodide in the National Hail Research Experiment. Operations Rep. No. 2, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins.

Terhaar, C. J., W. S. Ewell, S. P. Dziuba, W. W. White and P. J. Murphy. 1977. A laboratory model for evaluating the behavior of heavy metals in an aquatic environment. Water Res. 11: 101-110.

Thompson, N. R. 1973. Silver. In: Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry. J. C. Bailar, H. J. Emeléus, R. Nyholm and A. F. Trotman-Dickenson (Editors). Pergamon Press, Oxford, NY. & Toronto.

Thurberg, F. P. and R. S. Collier. 1977. Respiratory response of cunners to silver. Mar. Poll. Bull. 8(2): 40-41.

Tong, S. C., W. H. Gutenmann, D. J. Lisk, G. E. Burdick and E. J. Harris. 1972. Trace metals in New York State fish. New York Fish Game J. 19(2): 123-131.

Turekian, K. K. and M. R. Scott. 1967. Concentrations of Cr, Ag, Mo, Ni, Co and Mn in suspended material in streams. Environ. Sci. Tech. 1(11): 940-942.

Turekian, K. K., K. H. Wedepohl. 1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 72: 175-192.

USEPA. 1980. Ambient water quality criteria for silver. EPA-440/5-80-071. Office of Water Regulations and standards, Washington, D.C.

USEPA. 1980b. USEPA. Federal Register. 45: 79318-79319.

USEPA. 1985. USEPA. Drinking Water criteria document for silver. Cinn. Ohio. USEPA, Envir. Crit. Assess. Off. PB86-118288.

USEPA. 1987. USEPA. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 116.4.

USEPA. 1989. USEPA. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 302.4.

USEPA. 1990. Toxicological Profile for Silver. Clement International Corp. Contract No. 205-88-0608. For US Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. TP-90-24.

USFDA. 1988. USFDA. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 103.35.

Vanselow, A. P. 1966. Silver. In: Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils. H. D. Chapman (Editor). Univ. Calif., Div. Agric. Sci.

Voyer, R. A., J. A. Cardin, J. F. Heltshe and G. L. Hoffman. 1982. Viability of embryos of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus exposed to mixtures of cadmium and silver in combination with selected fixed salinities. Aquatic Toxicology 2: 223-233.

Wahlburg, J. E. 1965. Percutaneous toxicity of metal compounds. A comparative investigation in guinea pigs. Arch. Environ. Health 11:201-204.

Walker, F. 1971. Experimental argyria: A model for basement membrane studies. Br. J. Exp. Path. 52: 589-593.

Warburton, J. A. 1973. The distribution of silver in precipitation from two seeded Alberta hailstorms. J. Appl. Meteorol. 12(4): 677-682.

Watling, H. R., and R. J. Watling. 1982. Comparative effects of metals on the filtering rate of the brown mussel (Perna perna). Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 29: 651-657.

Weast, R. C. 1977. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 58th edition. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.

Weaver, T. W. and D. Klarich. 1973. Ecological effects of silver iodide in terrestrial ecosystems: A preliminary study, Section 3. In: Impacts of induced rainfall on the great plains of Montana. Final Res. Rep. No. 42. Mont. Agric. Exp. Stn., Montana State Univ., Bozeman.

Weiss, G. Editor. 1986. Hazardous Chemicals Data Book. Second Edition. Park Ridge, NJ. Noyes Data Corporation. pages 887-893.

Whitlow, S. I. and D. L. Rice. 1985. Silver complexation in river waters of central New York. Wat. Res. 19(5): 619-626.

Whyte, J. N. C. and J. A. Boutillier. 1991. Concentrations of inorganic elements and fatty acids in geographic populations of the spot prawn Pandalus platyceros. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 382-390.

Windholz, M. Ediror. 1983. The Merck Index. 10th. Edition. Rahway, N. J. Merck and Co. Inc. pages 8338, 8343, 8352-8357.

Young, D. R., M. D. Moore, T. K. Jan and R. P. Eganhouse. 1981. Metals in seafood organisms near a large municipal outfall. Mar. Poll. Bull. 12(4): 134-138.

Zacharuk, E. and R. Erb. 1977. Silver deposition. In: Current Research on Hailstorms and their Modification. Atmos. Sci. Rept. 77-3, Alberta Res. Council.

Zech, P. et al. 1973. (Nephrotic Syndrome with deposits in the Glomerular basement Membranes during Argyria). Nouv Presse Med 2: 161-164. (In French).

 

Previous PageTable Of ContentsNext Page