AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR SILVER

10. DATA TABLES

table 2.1

silver in oranges and avocados from
gold-rich and gold-poor soils.

soil type	silver levels in mg/kg-mean (range)
of the	oranges		avocados
ghanian farms	flesh	peel	flesh	rind
Konongo: gold-rich	1.4 (1.2-1.8)	1.7 (1.0-2.3)	1.2 (1.0-1.4)	1.7 (1.7-1.8)
Obuasi: gold-rich	2.2 (1.0-3.4)	3.3 (1.0-5.0)	3.5 (0.3-6.7)	2.0 (1.0-2.9)
Kumasi: gold-poor	0.8 (0.1-1.5)	0.9 (0.1-1.7)	0.7 (0.0-1.2)	1.9 (1.3-2.4)

table 3.1

physical and chemical properties and data:
silver.

parameters	values	references
Synonyms	silver, argentum, argentum crede, CI 77820, shell silver, silver atom, silver colloidal, silflake, silpowder, silber	CHEMLINE 1988 HSDB 1988 Weast 1977 Stokinger 1981
formula	Ag	Grayson 1983 Windholz 1983
structure	Ag	HSDB 1988
CAS number	7440-22-4	HSDB 1988
NIOSH RTECS	VW 3500000	HSDB 1988
EPA hazardous waste	D011	HSDB 1988
OHM/TADS	7216881	HSDB 1988
HSDB	5034	HSDB 1988
molecular weight	107.868	Weast 1988
colour	white, lustrous	Weast 1988
physical state	solid, soft, ductile metal	Grayson 1983
valence states	0, +1, +2, +3	Windholz 1983
melting point	961.93C / 960.5C	Weast 1988
boiling point	2212C @760 mm Hg	Weast 1988
density @20C	10.53 g/cm³, 10.43 g/cm³ hard drawn, 10.49 g/cm³ annealed	Weast 1988 Grayson 1983
solubility in water @20C	insoluble; soluble in nitric acid but not in sulphuric acid and alkaline cyanide solutions	Windholz 1983 ITII 1982
vapour pressure of liquid silver at 1865C	100 mmHg	Weast 1988
flammability	dust is moderately flammable	ITII 1982

table 3.2

physical and chemical properties and data:
silver nitrate.

parameters	values	references
Synonyms	lunar caustic, fused silver nitrate, molded silver nitrate, argenti, nitras, nitric acid silver (I) salt, nitric acid silver (I+) salt, silver (I+) nitrate	Weiss 1986 HSDB 1988 Windholz 1983
formula	AgNO₃	Grayson 1983 Weiss 1986
structure	Ag⁺ NO₃^-	HSDB 1988
CAS number	7761-88-8	Grayson 1983 Weiss 1986
NIOSH RTECS	VW 4725000	HSDB 1988
STCC	49 187 42	HSDB 1988
OHM/TADS	7216883	HSDB 1988
HSDB	685	HSDB 1988
molecular weight	169.89	Weast 1988
colour	colourless or white	Grayson 1983
physical state	solid crystaline	Weast 1988
melting point	212C	Grayson 1983
boiling point	decomposes at 440C	Grayson 1983
density @19C	4.35 g/cm³ 4.33 g/cm³	HSDB 1988 Weiss 1986
solubility in water @0C	122 g/100 mL	HSDB 1988
solubility in organics	ethanol and acetone	Grayson 1983
flammability	not flammable	Weiss 1986

from: USEPA 1990, TP-90-24.

table 3.3

physical and chemical properties and data:
silver (i) oxide.

parameters	values	references
Synonyms	argentous oxide, silver oxide, disilver oxide, silver (I+) oxide	Windholz 1983
formula	Ag₂O	Grayson 1983 Weiss 1986
structure	Ag⁺ Ag⁺ O₂^-	RTECS 1988
CAS number	20667-12-3	Grayson 1983
NIOSH RTECS	VW 4900000	HSDB 1988
molecular weight	231.8	Weast 1988
colour	dark brown to black	Windholz 1983
physical state	solid crystaline	Weast 1988 Weiss 1986
melting point	decomposes at 230C	Weast 1988
boiling point	decomposes at 230C	Weast 1988
density @20C	7.14 g/cm³	Weiss 1986
solubility/water @25C	22 mg/L	Grayson 1983
flammability	not flammable	Weiss 1986

from: USEPA 1990, TP-90-24.

table 3.4

physical and chemical properties and data:
silver (ii) oxide.

parameters	values	references
Synonyms	argentic oxide, silver suboxide, silver peroxide, divasil, silver (II+) oxide	Windholz 1983
formula	AgO	Grayson 1983
structure	Ag²⁺ O₂^-	Grayson 1983
CAS number	1301-96-8; 35366-11-1	Grayson 1983
molecular weight	123.88	Windholz 1983
colour	charcoal gray powder black crystal	Grayson 1983 Windholz 1983
physical state	solid crystaline	Windholz 1983
boiling point	decomposes above 100C	Windholz 1983
solubility/water @20C	decomposes in water	Windholz 1983

from: USEPA 1990, TP-90-24.

table 3.5

physical and chemical properties and data:
silver sulfide.

parameters	values	references
Synonyms	argentous sulfide, acanthite	Weast 1988 Windholz 1983
formula	Ag₂S	Grayson 1983
structure	Ag⁺ Ag⁺ S₂^-	Windholz 1983
CAS number	21548-73-2	Grayson 1983
molecular weight	247.80	Weast 1988
colour	gray black	Weast 1988
physical state	solid	Grayson 1983
boiling point	decomposes 810C	Grayson 1983
density at 20C	7.326 g/cm³	Weast 1988
solubility/water @20C	0.14 mg/L	Grayson 1983

from: USEPA 1990, TP-90-24.

table 3.6

physical and chemical properties and data:
silver chloride.

parameters	values	references
Synonyms	silver (I) chloride, silver monochloride	RTECS 1988
formula	AgCl	Grayson 1983
structure	Ag⁺ Cl^-	RTECS 1988
CAS number	7783-90-6	Grayson 1983
NIOSH RTECS	VW 3563000	RTECS 1988
molecular weight	143.34	Windholz 1983
colour	white	Windholz 1983
physical state	solid	Windholz 1983
melting point	455C	Windholz 1983
boiling point	1550C	Windholz 1983
density at 20C	5.56 g/cm³	Windholz 1983
solubility/water @25C	1.93 mg/L	Windholz 1983

from: USEPA 1990, TP-90-24.

table 3.7

bioaccumulation of silver in marine invertebrates.

baf	water source	species and tissues	sources
30	sewage outfall	Haliotis cracherodii- muscle abalone, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
<10	clean (control)	Haliotis cracherodii- muscle abalone, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
22	sewage outfall	Hinnites giganteus- muscle scallop, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
6	clean (control)	Hinnites giganteus- muscle scallop, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
50	sewage outfall	Panulirus interruptus- muscle lobster, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
10	clean (control)	Panulirus interruptus- muscle lobster, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
100	sewage outfall	Cancer anthony- muscle crab, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
220	clean (control)	Cancer anthonyl- muscle crab, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
<10	sewage outfall	Strongylocentrotus franciscanus- muscle red sea urchin, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
<10	clean (control)	Strongylocentrotus franciscanus- muscle red sea urchin, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
20	sewage outfall	Genyonemus lineatus- muscle white croaker, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
20	clean (control)	Genyonemus lineatus- muscle white croaker, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
<10	sewage outfall	Citharichthys sordidus- muscle pacific sanddab, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
<10	clean (control)	Citharichthys sordidus- muscle pacific sanddab, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
20	sewage outfall	Scorpaena guttata- muscle california scorpionfish, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
20	clean (control)	Scorpaena guttata - muscle california scorpionfish, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
baf	water source	species and tissues	sources
<10	sewage outfall	Paralichthys californicus- muscle california halibut, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
<10	clean (control)	Paralichthys californicus- muscle california halibut, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
<10	sewage outfall	Sebastes paucispinis- muscle tissue bocaccio, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
<10	clean (control)	Sebastes paucispinis- muscle tissue bocaccio, µg/kg wet weight	Young et al. 1981
6200 to 8000	D/S of Pb/Ag mines	Scapula undulata liverwort, µg/kg dry weight	Jones et al. 1985
12 to 47	U/S ambient <1ng/L	Scapula undulata liverwort, µg/kg dry weight	Jones et al. 1985
2.1 to 4.4	clean	Olivella biplicata- all soft tissues marine gastropod, µg/g dry weight	Nelson 1978
3.4 to 4.2	clean	Olivella biplicata-shell marine gastropod, µg/g dry weight	Nelson 1978
10.7	dirty	Olivella biplicata- all soft tissues marine gastropod, µg/g dry weight	Nelson 1978
3.5	dirty	Olivella biplicata-shell marine gastropod, µg/g dry weight	Nelson 1978
2.4	clean	Pisaster brevispinus-ray tissue sea star, µg/g dry weight	Nelson 1978
2.5	dirty	Pisaster brevispinus-ray tissue sea star, µg/g dry weight	Nelson 1978
1.5	clean	Patella vulgata -whole body limpet, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
3.8	clean	Littorina littorea-whole body winkle, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
2.9	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-whole body abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
1.4	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-foot abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
7.0	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-viscera including digestive gland abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
baf	water source	species and tissues	sources
8.1	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-digestive gland abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
2.9	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-whole body abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
1.2	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-foot abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
7.7	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-viscera including digestive gland abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
9.9	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-digestive gland abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
0.28	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-blood abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
0.35	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-muscle abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
0.87	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-gills abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
6.2	unknown	Haliotis rufescens-kidney abalone, µg/g dry weight	Greig et al. 1975
0.08	dirty	Scophthalmus aquosus-liver windowpane flounder, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1983
0.14	clean	Mytilus edulis-all soft tissues mussel, µg/g dry weight	Gillfilan et al. 1985
0.36	dirty	Mytilus edulis-all soft tissues mussel, µg/g dry weight	Gillfilan et al. 1985
<0.02	clean	Mercenaria mercenaria-adductors hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
0.8 ± 0.4	clean	Mercenaria mercenaria-digestive gland hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
<0.4	clean	Mercenaria mercenaria-gills hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
7.6±3.7	clean	Mercenaria mercenaria-kidneys hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
<0.2	clean	Mercenaria mercenaria-mantle hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
baf	water source	species and tissues	sources
<0.2	clean	Mercenaria mercenaria-viscera hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
<0.02	dirty, 0.1 µg/L Cd present	Mercenaria mercenaria-adductors hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
0.6 ± 0.2	dirty, 0.1 µg/L Cd present	Mercenaria mercenaria-digestive gland hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
<0.2	dirty, 0.1 µg/L Cd present	Mercenaria mercenaria-gills hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
4.8 ± 2.5	dirty, 0.1 µg/L Cd present	Mercenaria mercenaria-kidneys hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
0.2 ± 0.1	dirty, 0.1 µg/L Cd present	Mercenaria mercenaria-mantle hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
0.2 ± 0.04	dirty, 0.1 µg/L Cd present	Mercenaria mercenaria-viscera hard clam, 15 days, µg/g dry weight	Robinson et al. 1985
0.26 ± 0.1	clean	Cancer irroratus-flesh rock crab, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
2.6 ± 0.2	clean	Cancer irroratus-digestive gland rock crab, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
0.80 ± 0.22	clean	Cancer irroratus-gills rock crab, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
0.42	ocean dumping site	Cancer irroratus-flesh rock crab, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
2.9	ocean dumping site	Cancer irroratus-digestive gland rock crab, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
0.71	ocean dumping site	Cancer irroratus-gills rock crab, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
baf	water source	species and tissues	sources
<0.1	clean	Scophthalmus aquaosus -flesh windowpane flounder, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
<0.1	clean	Scophthalmus aquaosus -liver windowpane flounder, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
<0.1	ocean dumping site	Scophthalmus aquaosus -flesh windowpane flounder, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
<0.1	ocean dumping site	Scophthalmus aquaosus -liver windowpane flounder, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
<0.1	clean	Spisula solidissima-muscle surf clam, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
<0.2	ocean dumping site	Spisula solidissima-muscle surf clam, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
<0.1	clean	Busycon canaliculatum-muscle channeled whelk, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
6.8	clean	Busycon canaliculatum-digestive gland channeled whelk, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
<0.2	ocean dumping site	Busycon canaliculatum-muscle channeled whelk, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
13,5	ocean dumping site	Busycon canaliculatum-digestive gland channeled whelk, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1977
0.9 ± 0.7	dirty	Cancer irroratus-gills rock crab, µg/g wet weight	Greig et al. 1982

No ambient levels of silver were given in the literature sources. The body burdens are shown as coming from contaminated or dirty, uncontaminated or clean or unknown water quality conditions.

table 7.2

acute effects of silver nitrate (µg/l) on
marine organisms.

Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
4.7	Parlichthys dentatus (summer flounder)	S, U, larvae	LC₅₀	USEPA 1980a
12.2	Crassostrea gigas (american oyster)	static bioassay 20C, pH 8.2 salinity 22.7	48-h LC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe 1989
32	Spisula solidissima surf clam (embryo)	static bioassay 20C, pH 8 salinity 30 (development)	48-h LC₁₀₀	Eyster & Morse
32.4	Mercenaria mercenaria hard clam larvae	static bioassay lab seawater (growth)	10-d LC₅₀	Calabrese et al.
55 ± 20.8	Cancer magister (crab zoeae)	static bioassay pH 8.1 salinity 33.8 0/00	96-h LC₅₀	Martin et al. 1981
100	Chlamys varia (scallop)	seawater	4.8-d TLm	Metayer et al. 1990
100	(mussel) Mytilus galloprovincialis	seawater	4.6-d TLm	Metayer et al. 1990
100	Crassostrea gigas (american oyster)	seawater	8.7-d TLm	Metayer et al. 1990
110	Menidia menidia (silverside)	S, U, larvae	LC₅₀	USEPA 1980a
249	Mysidopsis bahia mysid	flow through pH 8, 23C	96-h LC₅₀	Lussier et al. 1985
400	Menidia menidia (silverside)	S, U, juveniles	LC₅₀	USEPA 1980a
>500	Tautogolabrus adspersus (cunner)	salinity 24 ± 2 20C, pH 7.3-7.6	96-h LC₁₀₀<	Pereira & Kanungo 1981
500	Pseudopleuronectes americanus (winter flounder)	S, U, larvae	LC₅₀	USEPA 1980a
550	Apoltes quadracus (fourspine stickleback)	S, U, adults	LC₅₀	USEPA 1980a
Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
1000	Chlamys varia (scallop)	seawater	<1-d TLm	Metayer et al. 1990
1000	(mussel) Mytilus galloprovincialis	seawater	3.3-d TLm	Metayer et al. 1990
1400	Cyprinodon varienotus (sheepshead minnow)	S, M, juveniles	LC₅₀	USEPA 1980a
2000	Nassarius obsoletus mud snail	static bioassay lab seawater 20C salinity 25	72-h LC₁₀₀	MacInnes & Thurberg 1973

TLm is time to 50% mortality.

table 7.3

chronic and sub-lethal effects of silver
on marine organisms.

Ag⁺ (µg/L)	species	conditions	effects
0.20	Perna perna brown mussel	(filtering rate)	1-h EC₅₀	Watling & Watling
1.4	Chroomonas	static bioassay 25C salinity 7.5 (yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
1.8	Chroomonas	static bioassay 25C salinity 7.5 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
2.9	Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae	static bioassay 25C salinity 7.5 (reduced yield)	EC50	Sanders & Abbe
3.0	Mysidopsis bahia mysid	flow through 23C, pH 8.0	NOEL	Lussier et al.
3.6	Chroomonas	static bioassay 25C salinity 15 (yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
3.6	Chroomonas	static bioassay 25C salinity 15 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
3.6	Chroomonas	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
3.6	Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae	static bioassay 25C salinity 15 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
3.8	Skeletonema costatum	static bioassay 25C salinity 7.5 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe 1989
Ag⁺ (µg/L)	species	conditions	effects
4.1	Chroomonas	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
4.2	Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
4.8	Thalassiosira pseudonana	static bioassay 25C salinity 15 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
5.2	Chroomonas	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
5.3	Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae	static bioassay 25C salinity 30 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
5.8	Crassostrea virginica american oyster	static bioassay lab medium 26C salinity 25 (development)	48-h EC₅₀	Calabrese et al.
5.9	Skeletonema costatum	static bioassay 25C salinity 7.5 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
6.7	Chroomonas	static bioassay 25C salinity 30 (growth)	EC50	Sander & Abbe
6.7	Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae	static bioassay 25C salinity 15 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe 1989
Ag⁺ (µg/L)	species	conditions	effects
6.7	Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
8.1	Thalassiosira pseudonana	static bioassay 25C salinity 30 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
8.2	Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae	static bioassay 25C salinity 30 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
9.5	Spisula solidissima surf clam (embryo)	static bioassay 20C, pH 8 salinity 30 (development)	48-h NOEL	Eyster & Morse
9.5	Spisula solidissima surf clam (embryo)	static bioassay 20C, pH 8 salinity 30 (development)	48-h EC₅₀	Eyster & Morse
10	Thalassiosira pseudonana	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
10	Thalassiosira pseudonana	static bioassay 25C salinity 7.5 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
11	Mysidopsis bahia mysid	flow through 23C, pH 8.0 (offspring)	38-day effect level	Lussier et al.
11	Mysidopsis bahia mysid	flow through 23C, pH 8.0 (offspring)	38-day NOEL	Lussier et al. 1985
Ag⁺ (µg/L)	species	conditions	effects
12	Skeletonema costatum	static bioassay 25C salinity 30 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
13.2	Skeletonema costatum	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (reduced yield)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
14.5	Thalassiosira pseudonana	static bioassay 25C salinity 15 (growth	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
15.4	Skeletonema costatum	static bioassay 25C salinity 15 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
14±2	Mytilus edulis mussel embryos	Static bioassay salinity 33.8 pH 8.1 (development)	48-h EC₅₀	Martin et al.
16	Spisula solidissima surf clam (embryo)	static bioassay 20C, pH 8 salinity 30 (development)	48-h EC₅₀	Eyster & Morse
16	Spisula solidissima surf clam (embryo)	static bioassay 20C, pH 8 salinity 30 (development)	48-h LC₁₀₀	Eyster & Morse
16-18	Crassostrea gigas oyster embryo	static bioassay seawater salinity 33 20C, pH 8.2 (development)	48-h EC₅₀	Coglianese & Martin
19.8	Thalassiosira pseudonana	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe 1989
Ag⁺ (µg/L)	species	conditions	effects
20	Chlamys varia scallop	(detachment)	7-d EC₅₀	Metayer et al.
>20	Skeletonema costatum	static bioassay 25C salinity 22.5 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
>20	Skeletonema costatum	static bioassay 25C salinity 30 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
>20	Thalassiosira pseudonana	static bioassay 25C salinity 30 (growth)	EC₅₀	Sanders & Abbe
21.0	Mercenaria mercenaria hard clam	static bioassay lab medium 26C salinity 25 (development)	48-h EC₅₀	Calabrese et al.
22.50	Crepidula fornicata slipper shell		12-d EC₅₀	Nelson et al.
24.2	Crassostrea virginica american oyster	static bioassay 20C salinity 26 seawater	48-h EC₅₀	MacInnes & Calabrese
25.0	Crassostrea virginica oyster larvae	static bioassay seawater 24C salinity 25 (growth)	12-d EC₅₀	Calabrese et al.
32	Mysidopsis bahia mysid	flow through 23C, pH 8.0 (survival and # of offspring )	38-day effect level	Lussier et al. 1985
Ag⁺ (µg/L)	species	conditions	effects
32.2	Crassostrea virginica american oyster	static bioassay 30C salinity 26 seawater	48-h EC₅₀	MacInnes & Calabrese
35.3	Crassostrea virginica american oyster	static bioassay 25C salinity 26 seawater	48-h EC₅₀	MacInnes & Calabrese
70.5	Pseudopleuronectes americanus winter flounder	flow through 3-5C salinity 27-32 (chronic effect)	18-d	Klein-Macphee et al.
108	Mysidopsis bahia mysid	flow through 23C, pH 8.0 (survival and no. of offspring )	38-day effect level	Lussier et al.
250	Nassarius obsoletus mud snail	static bioassay lab seawater 20C salinity 25 (O₂ uptake)	72-h LOEL	MacInnes & Thurberg
500	Nassarius obsoletus mud snail	static bioassay lab seawater 20C salinity 25 (O₂ uptake)	72-h EC₅₀	MacInnes & Thurberg 1973

table 7.4

acute effects of silver on freshwater organisms.

µg /L Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
0.39-2.9	Daphnia magna	flow through hardness 40-49	96-h LC₅₀	Lemke 1981
0.6	Daphnia magna	static/renewal hardness 40 alkalinity 31 pH 7.2, no food	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
0.6	Daphnia magna	hardness 38 20C, no food	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
0.64	Daphnia magna cladoceran	static bioassay	48-h EC₅₀	Lemke 1981
0.7	Daphnia magna	static bioassay pH 7.7 alkalinity 40 hardness 46	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker 1982
0.9 *	Daphnia magna	flow through hardness 45	48-h EC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
0.9	Daphnia magna	flow through 17C, pH 7.39 hardness 44.7 alkalinity 43	48-h EC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1987
0.9	Daphnia magna	static bioassay pH 7.2 alkalinity 49 hardness 60	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker 1982
1.0	Daphnia magna	static bioassay pH 7.4 alkalinity 50 hardness 46	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker 1982
1.1	Daphnia magna cladoceran	static bioassay	48-h EC₅₀	Lemke 1981
1.1	Daphnia magna	static/renewal hardness 38 alkalinity 31 pH 7.5, no food	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
1.1	Daphnia magna	static/renewal hardness 33 alkalinity 27 pH 7.5, no food	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker et al.1983
1.1	Daphnia magna cladoceran	hardness 40 20C, no food	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker 1983
1.1	Daphnia magna cladoceran	hardness 40 20C, with food	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker 1983
1.4	CerioDaphnia reticulata cladoceran	static bioassay hardness 240	48-h EC₅₀	Einabarawy et al. 1986
1.9	Daphnia pulex cladoceran	static bioassay hardness 45	48-h EC₅₀	Einabarawy et al. 1986
2.2	Daphnia magna cladoceran	static bioassay hardness 54	48-h EC₅₀	Lemke 1981
2.2	Leptophlebia mayfly nymph	static bioassay hardness 47	96-h EC₅₀	Brooke et al. 1986
3.9	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through hardness 33	96-h LC₅₀	Goettl & Davis 1978
3.9-12	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through hardness 40-49	96-h LC₅₀	Lemke 1981
4.1	Bufo melanostictus Indian toad	static bioassay 31C, pH 7.4 hardness 185	96-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1987b
4.2	Lymnaea luteola snail	static bioassay 32C, pH 7.4 hardness 195	96-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988a
4.5	Gammarus pseudolimnaeus scud	flow through 19.9C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	72-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
4.5	Gammarus pseudolimnaeus scud	flow through 19.9C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	96-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
4.5	Gamaurus pseudolimnaeus amphipod	flow through hardness 48	96 h EC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
4.7	Gammarus pseudolimnaeus scud	flow through 19.9C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	24-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
4.7	Gammarus pseudolimnaeus scud	flow through 19.9C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	48-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
4.8	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through hardness 274	96-h LC₅₀	Goettl & Davies 1978
4.9	Rhinichthys osculus speckled dace	flow through hardness 250	96-h LC₅₀	Goettl & Davies 1978
5.0	Crangonyx pseudogracilis amphipoda	static bioassay 13C, pH 6.7-6.8 hardness 45-55	96-h LC₅₀	Martin & Holdich 1986
5.3	Cottus bairdi mottled sculpin	flow through hardness 350	96-h LC₅₀	Goettl & Davies 1978
5.3 *	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	flow through hardness 31	96-h LC₅₀	Davies & Goettl 1978
5.6	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through 22C, hardness 40	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
6.0	Crangonyx pseudogracilis amphipoda	static bioassay 13C, pH 6.7-6.8 hardness 45-55	48-h LC₅₀	Martin & Holdich 1986
6	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	flow through 17C, pH 7.39 hardness 44.7 alkalinity 43	96-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
6.2 *	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	flow through hardness 20	96-h LC₅₀	Davies & Goettle 1978
6.2	Bufo melanostictus Indian toad	static bioassay 31C, pH 7.4 hardness 185	48-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1987
6.4	Lymnaea luteola snail	static bioassay 32C, pH 7.4 hardness 195	72-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988a
6.4	Puntius sophore	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	96-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988b
6.5	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	flow through hardness 26	96-h LC₅₀	Davies & Goettl 1978
6.7	Thymallus arcticus arctic grayling alevin	static bioassay hardness 41 conductivity 156 pH 7.1 to 8.0 not fed, DO>35%	96-h LC₅₀	Buhl & Hamilton 1991
6.7	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through hardness 44	96-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1983
7.3	Bufo melanostictus Indian toad	static bioassay 31C, pH 7.4 hardness 185	24-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1987b
7.4	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through 22C, hardness 36	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
7.6	Channa punctatus	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	96-h LC₅₀	Lemke 1981
8.1*	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	flow through hardness 26	96-h LC₅₀	Davies & Goettl 1978
8.5	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	static bioassay 12C, hardness 35	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
8.6	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	flow through 12C, hardness 29	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
9.0	Daphnia magna cladoceran	flow through 17C, pH 7.4 hardness 45	48-h EC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
µg /L Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
9.0 *	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through 17C, pH 7.4 hardness 45	96-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
9.2	Jordanella floridae flagfish	flow through 19.9C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	96-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
9.2	Lymnaea luteola snail	static bioassay 32C, pH 7.4 hardness 195	48-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988a
9.2	Oncorhynchus mykiss steelhead trout	flow through 12C, hardness 36	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
9.4	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	static bioassay 20C, hardness 38	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
9.7	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	flow through 12C, hardness 42	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
9.7	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	static bioassay 21C, hardness 39	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
9.7	Channa punctatus	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	72-h LC₅₀	Lemke 1981
10	Daphnia magna	static bioassay 13C, pH 7.6 hardness 240	48-h EC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1987a
11	CerioDaphnia reticulata cladoceran	static bioassay hardness 45	48-h EC₅₀	Mount & Norberg 1984
11	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through 24.7C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	72-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
11	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through 24.7C, pH 7.4 hardness 46	96-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
11	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	static bioassay 12C, hardness 26	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
11.1	Thymallus arcticus arctic grayling juvenile	static bioassay hardness 41 conductivity 156 pH 7.1 to 8.0 not fed, DO>35%	96-h LC₅₀	Buhl & Hamilton 1991
11.1	Oncorhynchus kisutch coho salmon alevin	static bioassay hardness 41 conductivity 156 pH 7.1 to 8.0 not fed, DO>35%	96-h LC₅₀	Buhl & Hamilton 1991
12	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through 24.7C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	48-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
12	Daphnia magna	static bioassay pH 8. alkalinity 84 hardness 73	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker 1982
12.5	Oncorhynchus kisutch coho salmon juvenile	static bioassay hardness 41 conductivity 156 pH 7.1 to 8.0 not fed, DO>35%	96-h LC₅₀	Buhl & Hamilton 1991
12.5	Daphnia magna	static/renewal H=33, a=27, pH 7.2, with food	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
12.7	Bufo melanostictus Indian toad	static bioassay 31C, pH 7.4 hardness 185	12-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1987b
13	Lepomis macrochirus	flow through 17C, pH 7.39 hardness 44.7 alkalinity 43	96-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
13 *	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow	flow through hardness 250	96-h LC₅₀	Davies & Goettl 1978
14	Rhinichthys osculus speckled dace	flow through hardness 250	96-h LC₅₀	Goettl & Davies 1978
14	Cottus bairdi mottled sculpin	flow through hardness 350	96-h LC₅₀	Goettl & Davies 1978
14	Channa punctatus	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	48-h LC₅₀	Lemke 1981
14	Daphnia pulex cladoceran	static bioassay hardness 45	48-h EC₅₀	Mount & Norberg 1984
14	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	static bioassay hardness 44.7	96-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
15	Simocephalus vetulus cladoceran	static bioassay hardness 45	48-h EC₅₀	Mount & Norberg 1984
15	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through 24.7C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	24-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
15.8	Jordanella floridae flagfish	flow through 24.7C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	72-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
16.0	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	hardness 29 to 38	48-h LC₅₀	Bionomics 1979
16.0	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	hardness 29 to 38	72-h LC₅₀	Bionomics 1979
16.0	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through hardness 38	96-h LC₅₀	Le Blanc et al. 1984
16.1	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout alevin	static bioassay hardness 41 conductivity 156 pH 7.1 to 8.0 not fed, DO>35%	96-h LC₅₀	Buhl & Hamilton 1991
17.3	Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish	flow through hardness 44	96-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1983
18.8	Channa punctatus	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	24-h LC₅₀	Lemke 1981
19	Lebistes reticulatus guppy	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	96-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988b
19.2	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout juvenile	static bioassay hardness 41 conductivity 156 pH 7.1 to 8.0 not fed, DO>35%	96-h LC₅₀	Buhl & Hamilton 1991
21	Lebistes reticulatus guppy	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	72-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988b
21.0	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	hardness 29 to 38	24-h LC₅₀	Bionomics 1979
23.0	Daphnia magna	static bioassay 13C, pH 7.6 hardness 240	24-h EC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1987a
26.0	Hydra	static bioassay hardness 47	96-h EC₅₀	Brooke et al. 1986
29	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	flow through pH 6.4-8.3	96-h TL₅₀	Hale 1977
29 *	Nephelopsis obscura leech	flow through 17C, pH 7.39 hardness 44.7 alkalinity 43	96-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
30	Lebistes reticulatus guppy	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	48-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988b
31	Tubifex tubifex	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.6 hardness 245	96-h LC₅₀	Khangarot 1991
39	Lebistes reticulatus guppy	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	24-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988b
39	Tubifex tubifex	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.6 hardness 245	48-h EC₅₀	Khangarot 1991
41	Tubifex tubifex	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.6 hardness 245	24-h EC₅₀	Khangarot 1991
44	Channa punctatus	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	12-h LC₅₀	Lemke 1981
44	Jordanella floridae (flagfish)	flow through 24.7C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	24-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
52	Daphnia magna	static bioassay pH 7.8 alkalinity 368 hardness 255	48-h EC₅₀	Nebeker 1982
53	Nephelopsis obscura leech	static bioassay hardness 47	96-h EC₅₀	Brooke et al. 1986
57	Puntius sophore	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	12-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988b
62	Lebistes reticulatus guppy	static bioassay 30C, pH 7.3 hardness 250	12-h LC₅₀	Khangarot & Ray 1988b
µg /L Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
73	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	static bioassay 10C, hardness 40	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al . 1983
83 *	Aplexa hypnorum snail	flow through hardness 45	96-h EC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
84	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout	static bioassay 9C, hardness 37	96-h LC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
110-270	Pimephales promelas fathead minnow	flow through hard water	96-h LC₅₀	Bryan & Langston 1992.
241	Aplexa hypnorum snail	static renewal hardness 50	96-h EC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1983
420 *	Tanytarsus dissimilis midge	flow through 17C, pH 7.39 hardness 44.7 alkalinity 43	48-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
560 *	Orconectes immunis crayfish	flow through 17C, pH 7.39 hardness 44.7 alkalinity 43	96-h LC₅₀	Holcombe et al. 1987
3160	Tanytarsus dissimilis midge	flow through 20C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	48-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
5030	Tanytarsus dissimilis midge	flow through 20C, pH 7.4 hardness 44	24-h LC₅₀	Lima et al. 1982
6300± 500	Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast	static bioassay deionized water 30C (respiration)	60 min EC₅₀	Bitton et al. 1984

Unless otherwise specified the silver salt used is AgNO₃. * salt not specified.

table 7.5

chronic effects of silver on freshwater organisms.

µg/L Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
0.03 to 0.06 as AgI	Oncorhynchus mykiss eyed-eggs	flow through 15.9C, pH 6.5-6.8 hardness 12.2	13 mo NOEL	Davies & Goettl 1978
<0.1 as AgNO₃	Onycorhynchus mykiss steelhead trout		60 day MATC	Davies & Goettl 1978
0.1 as AgNO₃	Onycorhynchus mykiss steelhead trout	reduction	60 day growth effects	Davies & Goettl 1978
0.5 as AgNO₃	Onycorhynchus mykiss steelhead trout	survival	60 day fewer living	Davies & Goettl 1978
0.18 to 0.40 as AgI	Oncorhynchus mykiss green eggs	flow through 15.9C, pH 6.5-6.8 hardness 12.2	10 mo NOEL	Davies & Goettl 1978
0.88 as AgI	Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout fry	flow through 15.9C, pH 6.5-6.8 hardness 12.2 94% mortality, reduced growth and development	6 week effect level	Davies & Goettl 1978
<1.0 as AgNO₃	Ephemerella grandis mayfly	flow through 3-9C, pH 7-7.2 hardness 30-70	14 day TL₅₀	Nehring 1976
1.3 as AgNO₃	Onycorhynchus mykiss steelhead trout	survival	LC₁₀₀	Davies & Goettl 1978
1.6	Daphnia magna	static renewal 20C, pH 7.2 alkalinity 49 hardness 60	21-day NOEL young per female per day	Nebeker 1982
1.6 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 60 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	21 day MATC	Nebeker et al. 1983
µg/L Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
2.9 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 60 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	21 day EC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
3.4 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 180 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	21 day MATC	Nebeker et al. 1983
3.6	Daphnia magna	static renewal 20C, pH 7.2 alkalinity 49, hardness 60	21-day EC₅₀	Nebeker 1982
3.6 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 75 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	21 day EC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
3.9	Daphnia magna	static renewal 20C, pH 7.2 alkalinity 49 hardness 60	21-day EC₅₀	Nebeker 1982
3.9 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 180 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	21 day EC₅₀	Nebeker et al. 1983
4.0 to 9.0 as AgNO₃	Pteronarcys californica stonefly	flow through 3-9C, pH 7-7.2 hardness 30-70	14 day TL₅₀	Nehring 1976
4.1 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 60 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	young per female per day	Nebeker et al. 1983
8.0 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 180 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	percent living and young per female per day	Nebeker et al. 1983
µg/L Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
8.8	Daphnia magna	static renewal 20C, pH 7.2 alkalinity 49 hardness 60	21-day NOEL young per female per day	Nebeker 1982
8.8 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 75 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	21 day MATC	Nebeker et al. 1983
10.5	Daphnia magna	static renewal 20C, pH 8.6 alkalinity 84 hardness 73	21-day NOEL young per female per day	Nebeker 1982
19.4 as AgNO₃	Daphnia magna	hardness 75 alkalinity 49 pH 7.2	percent living and young per female per day	Nebeker et al. 1983
20.0	Daphnia magna	static renewal 20C, pH 7.2 alkalinity 49 hardness 60	21-day NOEL young per female per day	Nebeker 1982
270.0 as AgNO₃	Lemna minor duckweed	static bioassay growing plant	28 day EC₅₀ percent damage	Brown & Rattigan 1979
µg/L Ag⁺	species	conditions	effects	sources
1000	Lemna paucicostata duckweed	static bioassay 25±1C	12 day EC₅₀ for frond growth	Nasu & Kugimoto 1981
7500 as AgNO₃	Elodea canadensis	static bioassay growing plant	28 day EC₅₀ for percent damage	Brown & Rattigan 1979

table 7.6

effects of acclimatization on silver toxicity in water of hardness 141 to Pimephales promelas,
the fathead minnow.

acclimation method	lc₅₀ (µg Ag/L)
non	30.0
non	36.6
non	37.2
to 1.5 µg/L Ag for 7 days	42.6
to 1.5 µg/L Ag for 14 days	41.3
to 1.5 µg/L Ag for 14 days then de-acclimated for 7 days	24.5
to 15 µg/L Ag for 7 days	45.6
to 15 µg/L Ag for 14 days	46.4
to 15 µg/L Ag for 14 days then de-acclimated for 7 days	29.1
to 15 µg/L Ag for 14 days then de-acclinated for 14 days	31.0

Birge et al. 1984.

table 7.7

comparison of the acute and chronic toxicity (to embryo/larvae) of different silver salts to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas.

salt	result	remarks
acute effects (96-hour LC₅₀)
silver nitrate	16 ± 4.0	represents effect of free silver ion; toxic effects occured mainly during the first 24 hours.
silver thiosulfate	280, 000 to 360,000	estimate, based on the results both of the flowing test (lower value) and a range finding static test
silver sulfide dispersion	>240,000
silver sulfide slurry	no effect	due to settling, measured exposure concentration was <10% of nominal concentration
silver chloride	>4,600	in the presence of 2,000 mg/L Cl^-
chronic effects (30-day exposure)
silver sulfide	>11,000	MATC; no observed effects on average wet weight or total length after 30 days of continuous exposure
silver thiosulphate	16,000 to 35,000	MATC; concentrations >35,000 resulted in significant decrease in % survival, length and weight

LeBlanc et al. 1984. All values are expressed as total silver in µg/L

.table 7.8

effects of water hardness on the 96-h lc₅₀ of silver nitrate to larval rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and juvenile fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas in static and flow through bioassays.

Oncorhynchus mykiss		Pimephales promelas
larval rainbow trout		juvenile fathead minnows
static ASSAY	flow through	static ASSAY	flow-through	water hardness
-	-	-	7.4	36
-	-	9.4	-	38
-	-	9.7	-	39
-	-	-	5.6	40
10.9	8.4	6.7	5.3	46
11.8	6.9	12.3	3.9	46
19.9	17.9	30.4	10.9	48
31.8	-	22.7	11.8	48
48.0	14.0	13.8	11.1	54
54.0	16.4	19.6	-	54
22.5	11.5	8.7	5.0	75
24.6	9.7	10.3	6.3	75
240.0	240.0	230	110	255
280.0	170.0	270	150	255

Data from Lemke, 1981. Table entries are in µg/L of silver.

table 7.9

effects of hardness on the 48-h ec₅₀ of silver nitrate to Daphnia magna in static bioassays.

silver: µg/L	hardness: mg/L	references
0.6	39	Nebeker et al. 1983
1.03	46	Nebeker 1982
0.9	46	Nebeker 1982
0.66	46	Nebeker 1982
0.63	46	Nebeker 1982
0.24	47	Chapman 1980
2.9	54	Nebeker 1982
1.1	60	Nebeker et al. 1983
0.6	60	Nebeker 1982
1.1	60	Nebeker 1982
1.5	72	LeBlanc 1980
15	73	Nebeker 1982
8.4	73	Nebeker 1982
1.5	240	Einabarawy et al. 1986
10	240	Khangarot and Ray 1987a
55	255	Nebeker 1982
48	255	Nebeker 1982

Table entries are for µg/L of silver, not for silver nitrate.

table 7.10

mortality of fathead minnows exposed to measured concentrations of silver.

silver	total	free	percent mortality
species	silver	silver ion	24 hr	48 hr	72 hr	96 hr
nitrate	65 µg/L	65 µg/L	100	100	100	100
	29 µg/L	29 µg/L	80	100	100	100
	13 µg/L	13 µg/L	5	5	5	10
	5.8 µg/L	5.8 µg/L	5	5	5	5
thiosulphate	280 mg/L	800 pg/L	5	5	5	10
	140 mg/L	330 pg/L	0	0	0	0
	70 mg/L	120 pg/L	0	0	0	0
sulphide	240 mg/L	<1 fg/L	0	0	0	0
	37 mg/L	<1 fg/L	0	0	0	0
chloride	4.6 mg/L	103 ng/L	40	40	40	40
(@ 2 g/L Cl)	2.0 mg/L	101 ng/L	5	10	10	10
	380 µg/L	101 ng/L	0	0	0	0

Data from Dufficy et al. 1993.

table 7.11

aquatic life criteria derivation calculations.

water hardness >100			water hardness <100
marine		fresh	fresh water
acute	chronic	chronic	acute	chronic	noel

12.2	2.9	3.9	0.39	0.10	0.06
factor 0.1	factor 0.5	factor 0.5	factor 0.1	factor 0.5	factor 1
1.22	1.45	1.9	0.039	0.05	0.06
Sanders & Abbe, 1989	Saunders & Abbe, 1989	Nebeker et al., 1983	Lemke, 1981	Davies & Goettl, 1978	Davies & Goettl, 1978

Starting values are the lowest values considered to be reliable data, in µg/L, that were found in the literature. Maximum criteria are twice the 30-day average, providing the resulting value is less than the estimated acute LC₀ and does not exceed the chronic EC₅₀.