Table of Contents

Summary
Preface
Introduction
Recommended Criteria
Application of Criteria for Aquatic Life

Tables

Summary Table
Recommended criteria for the protection of marine and freshwater aquatic life.
Table 3.8
Bioconcentration of silver in freshwater fish.
Table 4.1
Summary Table: Silver intake by the average Canadian city dweller.
Table 4.2
Literature criteria for the protection of drinking water.
Table 7.1
Recommended criteria for the protection of marine and freshwater aquatic life.

1. Introduction
1.1 silver toxicity determination
1.2 silver speciation for criteria
2. Occurence
2.1 anthropogenic
2.2 natural
2.3 sediments
2.4 tissues
3. Reactions
3.1 chemistry
3.2 wastewater treatment
3.3 oligodynamics
3.4 metabolism
3.5 bioaccumulation
3.6 tolerance
3.7 synergism
3.8 carcinogenicity
3.9 mutagenicity
3.10 genotoxicity
3.11 immunotoxicity
3.12 neurotoxicity
4. Animal Life
4.1 general
4.2 exposure routes
4.3 translocation
4.4 deposition
4.5 excretion
4.6 effects
4.7 literature criteria
4.8 proposed criteria
5. Irrigation
5.1 literature criteria
5.2 general
5.3 silver speciation effects
5.4 vegetation levels
5.5 soil and vegetation interactions
5.6 plant toxicity
5.7 hydroponics
6. Industrial
6.1 literature criteria
6.2 recommended criteria
7. Aquatic Life
7.1 literature criteria
7.2 proposed criteria (µg/L total silver)
7.3 rationale for the criteria
7.4 marine waters
7.5 fresh waters
8. research needs
9. references

Data Tables

2.1. Silver in oranges and avocados from gold-rich and gold-poor soils.


physical and chemical properties and data:
3.1. silver
3.2. silver nitrate
3.3. silver (i) oxide
3.4. silver (ii) oxide
3.5. silver sulfide
3.6. silver chloride


3.7. Bioaccumulation of silver in marine invertebrates
7.2. Acute effects of silver nitrate (µg/l) on marine organisms
7.3. Chronic and sub-lethal effects of silver on marine organisms
7.4. Acute effects of silver on freshwater organisms
7.5. Acute effects of silver on freshwater organisms
7.6. Effects of acclimatization on silver toxicity in water of hardness 141 to pimephales promelas, the fathead minnow
7.7. Comparison of the acute and chronic toxicity (to embryo/larvae) of different silver salts to the fathead minnow, pimephales promelas
7.8. Effects of water hardness on the 96-h lc50 of silver nitrate to larval rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and juvenile fathead minnows, pimephales promelas in static and flow through bioassays
7.9. Effects of hardness on the 48-h ec50 of silver nitrate to daphnia magna in static bioassays
7.10. Mortality of fathead minnows exposed to measured concentrations of silver
7.11 Aquatic life criteria derivation calculations

 

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, LANDS AND PARKS
PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR

SILVER

P. D. WARRINGTON, Ph. D, R. P. Bio.

Water Quality Branch
Environmental Protection Department

Victoria, BC

February, 1996

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to Alasdair I. Beattie, who, as a student in the University of Victoria's Biology Co-op program, carried out most of the literature survey on which this report is based, and also wrote the first draft of the chapter on aquatic life.