Floodproofing of Buildings and Sites: Annotated Bibliography
(Listed by publishing agency; 4th Draft June 1995 , Barlow "Flood Proofing Bibliography" D.P. Barlow 387-3488 * Denotes additions to 1st. draft)
A) American Institute of Architects Foundation
Elevated Residential Structures 137 pp. 1984
Covers special requirements for elevated buildings, from the point of view of the architect., e.g. access to building, landscaping, parking.
B) British Columbia, Province of, Ministry of Environment.
Floodproofing new Residential Buildings in British Columbia 36 pp. 1981 Illustrations and limited text covering building siting, floodproofing, terraces, parking, landscaping, services; preliminary concepts rather than details.
C) Canada, Inland Waters Directorate
Literature Search on Flood Proofing, 72 pp. 1977
An investigation of flood proofing techniques in the Canadian context;
D) Canada, Ministry of Environment
Flooding, 172 pp. 1993
Canada-wide flooding, by regions; history; programs for flood control and assistance; flood control methods, excellent colour pictures; recommended for library and school use.
E) Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation,
Problem Lands, Building in a Flood-Risk Area, 1986
How CMHC views buildings in flood prone areas.
F) Federal Emergency Management Agency (USA) (FEMA)
Coastal Construction Manual 200 pp. FEMA/55 1986 (2nd. Ed.)
Technical guidance on how to design and construct buildings in areas subject to coastal flooding (which is significantly different to riverine or alluvial fan flooding); for designers, builders, developers, community building officials and the homeowner; covers standards and details for residential and larger structures, maintenance, construction costs.
Design and Construction Manual for Residential Buildings in Coastal High Hazard Areas (Pub. FEMA with US Dept. of Housing and Urban Development).
Structural Engineering Guidelines and other information on designing structures in coastal areas subject to high wave forces.
Design Guidelines for Flood Damage Reduction 100 pp. 1981
To encourage the wise use of land, land use planning, better integration of natural and social systems and appropriate design and construction practices in floodprone areas. Discusses floodplain and wetlands policy, design analysis and techniques; covers site improvements, local drainage, access during flooding; illustrated.
Elevating to the Wave Crest Level, A Benefit Cost Analysis. 1986
Investigation of cost-benefit of three types of elevated homes; rigid frame, semi-rigid (with and without grade beams) and free standing piles. (The rigid frame" is a pile supported system with 2-way diagonal tension bracing). Benefits are reduced flood losses and insurance premiums (in USA). Elevation, depth of pile embedment, bracing and setback from shoreline are significant. Detailed structural analysis for pile support system.
Flood Emergency and Residential Repair Handbook 35 pp. 1986
Causes of building damage; emergency actions; clean-up and repair.
Floodproofing Non-Residential Structures 200 pp. 1986
Introduction to floodproofing methods for larger buildings; dykes; walls; shielding, elevating, organizing response, illustrations.
*Hazard Mitigation, Flood Damage Control Flood Series Index
42 pp. 4/93 edition, prepared by FEMA Region X. ( includes Washington State)
A series of one page illustrated educational papers on most aspects of preparation, prevention, cleaning and rebuilding flooded homes.
Reducing Losses in High Risk Flood Hazard Areas 219 pp. 1987
Guide book to help local governments improve the effectiveness of their floodplain management programs for high risk hazard areas. Identification of high risk areas, regulations, programs. Includes alluvial fans, coastal, lakes, icejams, mudslides.
Retrofitting Flood-prone Residential Structures 259 pp. 1986
Emphasis on retrofitting, discussion and details of different methods; amply illustrated, worksheets.
G) Illinois, Dept. of Transportation*
Elevating or Relocating a House to Reduce Flood Damage 22 pp. 1983
Provides planning guidance for raising or relocating a house; also discusses dry and wet floodproofing and floodwalls; importance of warning time and duration of flooding; discusses insurance and financing, cost estimates; illustrated.
H) San Diego, County of, California, USA
Flood Control on Alluvial Fans 23 pp. April 1987
Describes how federal regulations are applied to flood control on alluvial fans, esp. around Borrego Springs, Calif. The Alluvial Fan Flood Map shows whether the house will be in a fan wash area or not, determining the extent of site study, design details and building inspection required. Tables for depth of foundations, pilings and piers, foundation protection, fill protection, scour depth, also building orientation sketches.
I) US Army Corps of Engineers, National Floodproofing Committee
Flood Proofing, How to Evaluate your Options 72 pp. 1993
Prepared to answer the question "Should flood proofing be used?"; (from the US perspective). Building by-laws, cost, aesthetics, insurance, level of protection, flood proofing measures, (elevation, open or closed foundations, on walls, piers, or fill, walls and dykes, building closures, dry and wet flood proofing;) the characteristics of flood situations are discussed, (depth, velocity, duration and debris), site and building characteristics and building condition. The detailed evaluation of flood proofing options is described starting with the flood profile, the building elevation and depth/damage curves for building and contents leading to the average annual flood damage prevented and the present worth of damage, which can be compared with the estimated cost of flood proofing. Case studies conclude the booklet.
Flood Proofing Options for Virginia Home Owners 38 pp. 1993
Presents and discusses some floodproofing options, costs, benefits and disadvantages. eg raising or relocating, wet and dry types; well-illustrated and good graphs on damage vs. depth of flooding for various types of buildings and contents; instructions for preparing, during and clean-up after a flood; suitable for F-P self-assessment by owner.
Flood-proofing Regulations 80 pp. 1992
Construction specifications for flood-proofed buildings, written in by-law language; (for riverine, rather than tsunami or alluvial fan areas).
Flood Proofing Regulations for Building Codes by Armando C. Lardieri, in Journal of the Hydraulics Division Am. Soc. Civil Engineering, pp . 1155-1169, 1976
Criteria for floodproofing; context within by-laws; design considerations; structural requirements; floodproofing methods.
Floodproofing Systems and Techniques;Examples of floodproofed structures in the United States 103 pp. 1984
Illustrated examples of residential and commercial buildings with a variety of flood-proofing systems.
Flood Proofing, (Techniques, Programs, and References) 21 pp. 1991.
Brief description of floodproofing methods for residential buildings with annotated bibliography of resource materials.
Flood Proofing Tests 88 pp . 1988
Tests of materials and systems for flood proofing; covers structural resistance of walls subject to hydrostatic loading, closures of openings, systems and materials for waterproofing and water-resistance.
In the Tug Fork Valley, 32 pp. 1994
Booklet describes, (with 73 illustrations), how 136 buildings were floodproofed in this community. Buildings were elevated up to 12 ft. but limited to where the velocity did not excede 8 fps. 127 used reinforced masonry walls (with louvres to allow flooding of the lower floor), (generally on re-built foundations), in some cases a waterproof veneer wall was used, up to 3 ft. (Masonry piers and lattice was used only once, because of reduced security for storage in the enclosure and greater heat losses than for full walls); original basements were filled-in. Post-and-beam used for 8 buildings; mobile homes were raised, other houses relocated or demolished. Good detail on the elevation process, access for handicapped, relocation of utilities, insulation, landscaping.
Flood Proofing Regulations for Building Codes by Armando C. Lardieri, in Journal of the Hydraulics Division Am. Soc. Civil Engineering, pp. 1155-1169, 1976
Criteria for floodproofing; context within by-laws; design considerations; structural requirements; floodproofing methods.
Victoria, B.C. June 1995
ADDENDUM (not in "2nd.Draft")
Canada - British Columbia, Floodplain Mapping Program, Rev. 3/91
Prepared by Environment Canada and BC Environment.
Brief description of the Program, floodplain maps, (and sources for maps), floodplains and floodplain designation, as well as flood proofing.
FEMA, Guide to Flood Insurance Rate Maps, FEMA, FIA-14, 33 pp. May 1988.
Maps are part of the US National Flood Insurance Program; shows 100 and 500-year flood boundaries, floodways and floodwater profiles. Describes how to use maps and find "property safe construction elevation", (required for flood insurance).
US Army Corps of Engineers, Local Flood Proofing Programs,54 pp., June 1994 Illustrated.
Identifies lessons learned that can help communities interested in financing flood proofing projects, by providing examples and photographs of projects and describing the involvement of the local authority.
US Army Corps of Engineers Raising and Moving the Slab-on-Grade House, with Slab Attached, 28 pp. illustrated. 1990.
Raising or moving slab-on-grade buildings is technically feasible and may be economical; discusses raising vs. relocating; estimating data; step-by-step photos.
Hamilton, T. Neil, New American National Hazard Mitigation Strategy 2 pp. memo with 5 pp. report on the FEMA Meeting on October 25, 1994 at the Seattle Centre, "Towards a National (USA) Mitigation Policy" file 35100-01.
A series of major disasters has meant a change towards a policy of mitigation rather than response and recovery. Conference was to solicit input to the development of a new National Mitigation Strategy; the report lists the major questions and unedited answers.
D.P.Barlow
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