Tsunami: Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography: Version 5
by D.P. Barlow, P. Eng.
Floodplain Management Engineer
Victoria, British Columbia
September 1995
With revisions to November 1995
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Barlow, D.P.
Tsunami
ISBN 0-7726-1644-2
1. Tsunamis - Bibliography. I. BC Environment.
Floodplain Management Branch. II. Title.
Z6033.E1B37 1992 016.55147'024 C92-092339-9
Introduction
This selected annotated bibliography was prepared for internal use by the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (MELP) (now Ministry of Environment (MoE)) of the Province of British Columbia, as background to a study of the regulation of development of hazardous coastal lands.
Version 5 (1995) is alphabetical and has additional entries.
Tsunamis commonly originate from major underwater seismic events which have historically occurred around the Pacific Rim. In certain coastal locations, especially at the heads of inlets, the maximum water elevation from historical tsunami events exceeded maximum astronomical tide, storm surge or riverine flood elevation.
Tsunamis are a series of waves lasting up to 24 hours and are superimposed on the natural tide. The resulting maximum water level may therefore be from any combination of tide and tsunami, as well as the wind setup.
The bibliography is broad in coverage, suitable for those involved in land regulation for coastal and riverine hazards; it includes:
The nature of tsunamis, generation, propagation and termination Astronomical tides, storm surges
The statistics of historical infrequent events and risk analysis Coastal Management in other jurisdictions, especially the west coast of North America and Hawaii Tsunami warning systems
Regulation in British Columbia
Construction in high hazard zones.
Risk Management, insurance
Between 1962 and 1993 about 300 papers have been published on tides, storm surges, tsunamis and coastal oceanographic problems. There are many other references in the academic and popular press. In addition, there are numerous papers and books on coastal management and regulation of hazardous lands.
This bibliography includes a selection of major references with an emphasis on regulatory criteria and techniques for the construction of residential/commercial buildings.
The author acknowledges the assistance of the staff at the MELP Library, Victoria, and the Institute of Ocean Sciences Library, Sidney, B.C.
For further references the reader may access the usual on-line sources such as DOBIS, GEOBASE, GEOREF, COMPENDEX, WATDOC, etc.
D.P. Barlow, P.Eng. Floodplain Management Engineer, September 1995
Version 5 (Alphabetical) November, 1995
(display key symbols on internal copy)
Key to Symbols: (For Internal Use)
FL - Floor Library, Water Management Division, 2nd Floor, 765 Broughton Street
RB - Reference Binders, filed as above
ML - Ministry Library, MELP Library, 1st Floor, 810 Blanshard Street, Victoria
LL - Library Loan, Inter-Library Loan, MELP Library (as above)
IOS - Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C.
WMD - Water Management Division Reports, off-site storage
VL - Victoria Library, Public Library of Greater Victoria
* New entry for version 3
Annotated Bibliography
Adams, W. Mansfield., Tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, Proc. Int.Symp. on Tsunamis and Tsunami Research, Univ. Hawaii, 1969 (IOS).
Contains
The Tsunami in the Alberni Inlet caused by the Alaska Earthquake, Murty and Boilard (modeling of inlet),1969 op. cit.
--------, The Rarity of the 1 April 1946 Tsunami, Journal of Physical Oceanography, April 1972, pp. 199-201 (RB)
The highly destructive 1946 tsunami was generated by a comparatively small 7.4 Richter earthquake originating in the Aleutians. It caused a highly destructive wave at Hilo, Hawaii; the tsunami at the Marquesas islands was high enough to disturb, for the first time since construction, a midden dated about 120 BC. This event shows the extent to which energy can be converted from seismic to tsunami energy and concentrated, resulting in damaging waves in a narrow sector of influence ; also see Fryer, Gerard.
Association of State Floodplain Managers Inc. (ASFPM), ASFPM Publication List.
Available: P.O. Box 2051, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53701-2051.
Organization sells publications re floodplain management, technical reports, state programs, conference proceedings.
-------, (ASFPM) Reducing Losses in High Risk Flood Hazard Areas; A Guidebook for Local Officials, FEMA, document 1161987, (ML).
Describes the identification of high risk areas, such as alluvial fans, coastal, dune, lake and subsidence, also regulation, innovative community action and sources of information.
Atwater, B.F., Evidence for Great Holocene Earthquakes Along the Outer Coast of Washington State, in Science, Vol. 236, 22 May 1987, pp. 942 - 944 (FL).
Inter tidal mud has buried vegetated lowlands in westernmost Washington at least six times in the past 7000 years. Each burial was probably caused by a rapid tectonic subsidence. Sheets of sand on top of three of the layers may be from tsunami inundations, evidence of earthquakes from the Cascadia subduction zone, off Washington and Vancouver Island.
Ayre, Robert S., Mileti and Trainer, Earthquakes and Tsunami Hazards in the United States, a research assessment, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, 149 pp., 1975 (LL, RB).
Part 1 is about earthquakes. Part 2 describes tsunami; unpredictable, potentially devastating even after crossing the Pacific Ocean. Types of damage to fixed and movable materials also local ecology and economy. Coastal B.C. at risk esp. up narrowing inlets. It is difficult but necessary to define areas at risk. Adjustments to the risk include zoning, structural design, warning and evacuation.
The Pacific and local warning systems are described in detail; limitations are noted, community preparedness, insurance, rehabilitation. Simulation of tsunami loss management is discussed.
Barlow, David P., Tsunami Hazards, A Background to Regulation, Province of British Columbia, 1993, 48 pp. (ML)
An overview of information about Pacific tsunami; and coastal regulation; provides a background towards development of hazard reduction policy.*
Bernard, E.N., Tsunami Hazard, A practical guide for Tsunami Hazard Reduction, reprinted from Natural Hazards, Vol. 4, Nos. 2 & 3 1991. Kluwer Academic Publications, 326 pp. (IOS).
13 papers presented at the 14th Int. Symp. on Tsunami 1989, Novosibirsk, USSR Papers on observations (e.g. 1987-88 Alaska events), propagation, run-up, modeling, bores.
Bish, Robert L., Governing Puget Sound, pub. Washington Sea Grant, Dist. Univ. of Washington Press, 136 pp. (ML).
The constitutional Federal and State frameworks are related to local, regional and tribal government. Important chapter on shoreline management. The specialization of agencies is contrasted with their cooperation and rivalry.*
Blakely, W.J., Some Observations on Planning for Tsunami Prone Areas, prepared for the City of Port Alberni, May 14, 1979, 33 pp. (FL).
The results of a literature search and telephone interviews with authorities in communities affected by the 1964 tsunami. Covers post-disaster response and planning for future land use.
Brandsma, Divosky and H. Wang, Tsunami Atlas for the Coasts of the United States, Tetra Tech Inc., 1979 (RB. LL).
Good descriptions of plate tectonics, generation, propagation, etc.
-------, Divosky and H. Wang, Tsunami Atlas for the Coasts of the United States, Tetra Tech for US Nuclear Reg. Comm., 1979 (RB. LL).
A study to determine the distribution of wave heights and time histories due to distant hypothetical tsunamis, as the first step in estimating the worst case high or low water level on Pacific or Atlantic coasts for power plants. Uses a very large seismic event at various locations; tsunami wave is generated and propagated to the coast, resulting in wave traces off-shore at 600-foot depth. Full descriptions of plate tectonics, wave generation and mathematics of propagation.
Bretschneider, C.L. and Wybro, P.G., Tsunami Inundation Prediction, in Proc.15th Coastal Eng. Conf. 1976, pp. 1006-1024, Am. Soc. Civil Eng. (IOS).
Assuming a wave elevation at the coast, discusses the run-up and inundation characteristics of the tsunami surge. Need to estimate bed roughness, foreshore and backshore slope. Manning's n' values are given for various conditions and results are compared with observations in Hawaii.
British Columbia, The Management of Coastal Resources in British Columbia, Vols. 1 and 2, 1977, prepared by the Coastal Zone Resource Subcommittee for the B.C. Land Resources Steering Committee (ML).
Volume 1 presented an analysis of current knowledge, problems and institutional arrangements and also of future needs (as then perceived). Volume 2 is a review of selected information on Coastal Resources, agency responsibilities, information and data gaps on coastal subjects.
-------, Policy and Procedures, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Vol. 6, Sec. 9, Subsec. 04, pp. 1-13, Jan. 15, 1988 (FL).
This Provincial policy is intended to minimize property damage by flood-waters and to reduce or prevent injury, human trauma, and/or loss of life by the control of development on floodplains throughout British Columbia.*
-------, Tidal Wave, Civil Defense Circular, summer 1964 (RB).
Good description of the 1964 disaster with pictures and local response and organizational problems.
-------, Tsunamis, Provincial Emergency Program training Bulletin, 1987, 9 pp. (FL).
Illustrated booklet describing tsunamis, damage and the Provincial warning system.
-------, Provincial Emergency Program, Disaster Financial Assistance Guidelines, (Private and Public Sector claims), 1991. For British Columbia,
Balsillie et al., State Policies and Programs - Florida, in Preventing Coastal Flood Disasters, Assoc. of State Floodplain Managers, Wisconsin, 1983 (FL).
The stability of the beach-dune system may be threatened by imprudent construction.
Brown, A.J., California Coastal Storms, in & Preventing CoastalFlood Disasters, Assoc. of State Floodplain Managers,Wisconsin, 1983 (FL, RB).
While studying tsunamis and their impact, this is an important reminder of other coastal hazards.
Burby, Raymond J. and E.J. Kaiser, An Assessment of Urban Floodplain Management in the United States, Assn. of Floodplain Mgrs., Wisconsin, 1987 (FL, ML B946).
Overview of insurance program and effectiveness and the case for Land Acquisition.
California, State of, California Coastal Plan, prepared by the Calif. Coastal Zone Conservation Commission, 1975, 443 pp. (ML).
Principle objectives were to protect the California Coast as a great natural resource and to use the coast to meet human needs in a manner that protects the resources of land and water. This comprehensive report covers the findings of the commission, with policies and descriptions of each regional sub-section. Maps show information on forestry, agriculture, mineral extraction, recreation, development, etc.
California, A Guide for Developing a Pre-flood Hazard Mitigation Plan for California Communities, Division of Flood Management, Dept. of Water Resources, State of California, December, 1985 (FL).
Practical guide to planning a community to reduce flood damage.
Camfield, F.E., Tsunami Engineering, US Army Corps. of Engineers, Coastal Eng. Res. Centre. Sp. Rep. No. 6, 1980, 222 pp. (ML).
Mathematical treatment of generation, propagation and run-up; importance to an understanding of the nature of tsunami; prediction of wave motion in bays and harbours, theory and methods for calculating forces on structures; written for engineers, emphasis on calculation. illustrated.
Campbell D. D. and J. L. Rotzien, Deterministic Basis for Seismic Design in B.C. in Geotechnique and Natural Hazard, Bi Tech Pub. Ltd., Vancouver, B.C., pp. 71-79, 1992 (FL).
The authors present a seismic hazard map for British Columbia, justified by the latest information on seismic monitoring, measuring and understanding of the earth's crust. The authors did not agree that there is high potential for a seismic event of Richter Mag. 9.0 or greater off Vancouver Island.
Canada, Department of Fisheries and Environment, Inland Waters Directorate, Flood Damage Reduction Program, Literature Search on Flood Proofing, 72 pp., 1977, (FL).
79 annotated entries covering floodproofing, rehabilitation of flooded structures, durability of building materials and methods and Building Code amendments.
Canada, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian Tide and Current Tables Vol 6
Annual publication listing time and range of tide and currents for primary and secondary ports on the west coast of British Columbia.
Cave, P.W., Natural Hazards, Risk assessment and land use planning in British Columbia; Progress and Problems in 1st. Can. Symp. on Geotechnique and Natural Hazards, Vancouver 1992 pp. 1-13
Describes progress achieved in the Fraser-Cheam Reg. Dist. of British Columbia since 1985 in addressing matters of geotechnical safety in planning and development approval. This complex problem involves statutory authority, property rights and values, mortgage security, perceptions of risk, predictability of the hazard event, confidence in scientific understanding and political fortitude.*
Chesneau, Lee S., The Use of Storm Surge Forecast Models in Improved Flood Management, from Proc. Floodplain Man. 1987 (FL, RB).
A reminder that the effects of storm surge and extreme storm-generated waves may be more severe than tsunami. Describes storm surge forecasting at Grays Harbour, Washington.
Civil Defense B.C., Tidal Wave - Summer 1964, Province of British Columbia, 38 pp. (RB).
Description of damage, photographs and civil defense response for the tsunami at Port Alberni. Report covers welfare, military, Salvation Army, City and other involvement on a daily basis.
------, Report on the Alberni Tidal Wave Disaster - 20 May 1964, Office of Provincial Civil Defense Coordinator (British Columbia) (FL).
Description of the disaster ref. Port Alberni, pictures, interviews, emergency response.
Clague, John J., P.T. Bobrowsky and R.D. Hyndman, "The Threat of a Great Earthquake in Southwestern British Columbia" in The BC Professional Engineer, Vol. 46 Number 9, Nov. 1995.
A broad review of evidence for great subduction earthquakes in this area; covers plate tectonics, the subduction process, evidence for the locked zone, uncertainty abouth the length of fault that might fail, earthquake magnitude and hazard and the effects on the coast of southwestern B.C.. The geological evidence of seismic events averaging 600 years interval (subsidence of coastal marshes) and tsunamis (sand lenses) and records from Japan of a major tsunami (Jan 27, 1700) that might have originated off B.C., Washington and Oregon. Implications for public policy; expenditures for school upgrade and seismic design of essential buildings; lists references.
Clarke, M.N., The New South Wales Floodplain Management System and Manual (Australia), Proceedings Assn. Floodplain Managers, 11th Annual Conference, June 1987, 7 pp. (FL, RB).
Instead of a 1% flood, a designated flood is used. The method includes hydraulic and hazard analysis, floodway, flood storage and flood fringe, all based on the designated flood.
Colonist, see Victoria Daily Colonist (newspaper).
Connecticut, State of, Coastal Homeowners' Flood Preparedness Manual, Dept. of Environmental Protection, State of Connecticut, 77 pp., 1985(FL).
Flooding, how to prepare for it; also applies to tsunami hazard areas.
Cox, Doak C., Investigations of Tsunami Hydrodynamics, H.I.G. Report No. 3, US Office of Naval Research 15 pp., 1963 (RB).
Background to research needs; of general and historical interest esp. re need for monitoring wave heights in harbours and oceans.
Curtis, George D., Hawaii Tsunami Inundation/Evacuation Map Project Final Report, Hawaii State Civil Defense Agency, 27 pp., 1991 (FL).
Preparation of maps for 680 km of coastline, based on calculated run up from historical and estimated wave height; methodology described. A long, local history of tsunami damage is the reason for such a major effort. Copies of the maps are printed in telephone directories. Describes the Bretschneider method used for FEMA run-up estimates.
Darienzo, Mark E., Curt Peterson and Charles Clough, Stratigraphic Evidence for Great Subduction-Zone Earthquakes at Four Estuaries in Northern Oregon, USA Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 10 4. pp. 850-876 1994 (FL)
The four estuaries have buried peat and sand lenses , evidence of seismic disturbances and post seismic tsunamis. At least six great earthquakes were documented in the last 3,000 years, originating in the Cascadia subduction zone. This paper describes in detail the methods used to investigate and analyze the evidence.
Dohler, G.C. (Chairman, I.Ts.U.), Tsunami - Where Next?, Canadian Hydrographic Services, 1983 (FL).
Describes the Pacific Tsunami Warning System goals, history, warning centres, telemetry systems, charts showing tsunami propagation speed, illustrations.
Dunbar, D., P.H. LeBlond and T.S. Murty, Evaluation of Tsunami Amplitudes for the Pacific Coast of Canada, Progress in Oceanography, 26, pp. 115-177, 1991 (IOS).
Similar to Dunbar, LeBlond and Hodgins (Seaconsult Report).
-------, P. LeBlond and D. Hodgins, Evaluation of Tsunami Levels Along the British Columbia Coast, Dept. of Fisheries & Oceans, Sidney, B.C., 1988 (ML).
Important mathematical modeling study (Seaconsult Report) based on several distant seismic sources - only modeling for B.C. Coast (except Port Alberni). Distributed as summary to regional offices of MELP and affected communities.
Earthquake, Data Services and Publications, Geo. Rec. Doc. No. 15, National Geophysical Data Centre, Boulder Col., 1983 (FL).
Describes sources of data re. tsunami.
Evaluation of Tsunami Levels along the B.C. Coast, Seaconsult Marine Research Ltd., 1988 (Summary at FL, full report at ML).
Math. modeling results. Best source for sites that have no historical data. Describes limitations of math. modeling. Study cost $241,954.
FEMA, (USA Federal Emergency Management Agency), Coastal Construction Manual. FEMA-55, February 1986 (FL).
A complete text book for those interested in constructing in areas with high wind and water velocity (scour). Applicable to tsunami prone areas where high water velocity is predicted. Pictures, sketches and tables for design of pile foundations and bracing, etc.
-------, Guide to Flood Insurance Rate Maps, FEMA, FIA-14, 33 pp., May 1988 (FL).
Maps are part of the National Flood Insurance Program; shows 100- and 500-year flood boundaries and floodways. Describes how to use maps and find property safe construction elevation.
-------, A Status Report on the Nation's Floodplain Management Activity, prepared for the Interagency Task Force on Floodplain Management by L.R. Johnston Assoc., 1989, 420 pp. (FL).
A comprehensive reference document, covering in 15 chapters all aspects of floodplain (FP) management, generally the US federal involvement. Chapter headings are: Floods and Flooding, FP Resources and Values, FP Development and Losses, History of FP Management, A Unified National Program for FP Management, Changes in FP Management Since the 1960s, the Management Framework, Regulatory and Design Standards, Perception Awareness and Response, Legal Interpretation, Modifying Susceptibility, Flooding Impacts, Managing Natural and Beneficial Values, Current trends, and Appendices.
-------, Floodplain Management in the US, an Assessment Report, Vol. 1 (summary) and Volume 2 (full report), Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force, pub. by Nat. Hazard Research & Applic. Info. Centre, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder, 1992 (FL).
A comprehensive report on the history, rational and current status of the flood management programs in USA. Summary is illustrated.*
-------, Perspectives in Floodplain Management in the Pacific Northwest, FEMA, Region X, 1990 meeting report (FL).
Status of FEMA, issues, reports, acquisition program. Coastal flood hazard study methods, WHAFIS, run-up, V-zones, regs. for evaluating coastal structures, types of floodway, flow concepts, erosion and fans.
Floodproofing Regulations, Office of the US Army Chief of Engineers, 1972 (FL).
Methods and techniques, design, details, sample regulations, not specific to tsunami.
Folger, Tim, Waves of Destruction, Discover, May 1994 7 pp.
The destructive nature of tsunami waves derives from their unique character. Describes generation and propagation and why some tsunami are much larger than might be expected from the Richter magnitude of the seismic event; developments in deep ocean detection and warning. 7 pp. 1994*
Forrester, Warren, Canadian Tidal Manual, Canadian Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1983, 138 pp. (FL).*
A theoretical background and instruction for those involved in gathering and using tide, current and water level information on hydrographic field surveys. A minimum of mathematics is used; illustrations, diagrams.
Foster, H.D., and Vilho Wuorinen, British Columbia's Tsunami Warning System; an Evaluation, pub. University of Victoria Syesis, 9:113-122, June 1976 (FL).
The tsunami threat and warning system, esp. relating to training and preparedness in Port Alberni. Effectiveness of warning system depends on having information readily available to the public.*
French and Wright, Local Implementation of Coastal Zone Management in California, in Coastal Zone 83 Conference., 1983 (RB, FL).
The problems of combining legislation and organization to control use of the coast, also preparation and approval of plans.
Fryer, Gerard, The Most Dangerous Wave, in The Sciences, July August, 1995. 6 pp.*
The April 1946 tsunami, as witnessed at Hamakua Coast, Hawaii, caused numerous deaths because of ignorance, description of the characteristics of tsunami waves that make their behavior so different from storm waves; the problems of prediction based on seismic detection; discusses tsunami earthquakes.
Fukuchi, T., and K. Mitsuhashi, Tsunami Counter measures in Fishing Villages along the Sanriku Coast, Japan. in Tsunamis- Their Science and Engineering, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, Tokyo, pp.389-396, 1983, (IOS).
Describes and illustrates needs and countermeasures in typical fishing villages. The high cost of tsunami sea-walls and breakwaters is justified by the value of land and fishing.
Geological Survey (US), The Alaska Earthquake of 1964, Field Investigations and Reconstructive Efforts, Prof. Paper 541, 1966 (IOS).
Complete description of damage, etc., very good pictures, some in colour.
-------- Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region Prof. Paper 1360 1985, see Ziony, J.I.*
Gerritsen, F. and Ycel, F.A., Tsunami Run-up in Coastal Regions, Summary in Int. Conf. on Natural and Man-Made Coastal Hazards, 1989, pp. 166 -170 (IOS).
A computational method to determine run-up of tsunami waves on dry land as a bore, including slope, bottom friction and breaking. Diagrams given for estimating bore dissipation length.
Gilman, C., Coastal High Hazard Area Studies, in Preventing Coastal Flood Disasters, New Jersey, Assoc. of State Floodplain Managers, Wisconsin, 1983 (RB, FL).
Good description of the problems in showing on maps the true extent of hazard areas. Wave heights, run-up, erosion, existing structures, mapping quality, etc., need for ongoing revision.
Glickman, Theodore S., Readings in Risk, Centre for Risk Management at Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, 262 pp. (MELP, BQNB).
19 papers on risk are reprinted, i.e., Basic Concepts, Risk Comparisons, Regulatory Issues, Health Risk Assessment, Technological Risk Assessment and Risk Communication. The book is intended for faculty, students, policy makers and corporate risk managers as well as ordinary citizens. The papers are self contained and include some of the technical comment generated at the time of original publication.*
Golder Associates, Report on Investigation of Seawave at Kitimat B.C. (on April 27, 1975), with maps, June 1975 (FL).
A large (3 million yd3.) landslide caused a tsunami in Douglas Channel resulting in damage to a dock. The wave height was 25 ft. (7.6 m) at Kitimat Village; this is still the Tsunami event of record for Kitimat.
Gonzalez, F.I., Mader, Eble and Bernard, The 1987-88 Alaskan Bight Tsunamis: Deep Ocean Data and Model Comparisons, in Natural Hazards 4, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.119-139, 1991 (ML).
Records of tsunami waves made in the deep ocean were compared with mathematical models of waves and assumptions re. the seabed source disturbance.*
Good, James W. and Ridlington, Sandra S., Coastal Natural Hazards, Science, Engineering and Public Policy, 1992, see entry under Madin, Ian Goto, C., and Shuto, N., Run-up of Tsunamis by Linear and Non-Linear Theories, in Coastal Engineering Vol. 1 proc. 1980, pp. 695 - 707 (IOS).
The topography of the land where a simulated tsunami reaches the shore determines the run-up. The authors compare linear and non- linear sets of equations for simple topography with satisfactory results. This is of fundamental importance in defining land areas at risk.
Graham, D., Lights of the Inside Passage, Harbour Publishing, B.C., 1986.
Describes damage from extreme height storm-generated waves. Important to understand that these waves may be far higher than tsunamis on isolated coasts. (Also see Victoria Times-Colonist, Jan. 7, 1992.)
Hamilton, T.S. and S.O. Wigen. The Foreslope Hills of the Fraser Delta; Implications for Tsunamis in Georgia Strait, Geological Survey of Canada, No. 30886, Sidney, B.C.; in Science of Tsunami Hazards, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1987 (FL).
A major slide on one of these underwater slopes on the face of the Fraser Delta could cause a tsunami in Georgia Strait., affecting dyked areas such as Richmond. This source is unlike the more normal tectonic plate seismic event that has caused most historical tsunami.
Hammack Jr., J.L., Tsunamis, A model of their Generation and Propagation, Cal. Inst. of Tech., report KH-R-28, 260 pp.,1972 (IOS).
Theoretical and experimental modeling. Limitations of the linear theory.
------ and F. Raichen, Long Waves Generated by Complex Bottom Motions, in Coastal Engineering Proc.,Vol. 1, pp. 639-651,1980 (IOS).
When modeling tsunami generation, simple bottom motions are normally used. The authors examine records of ground motion for a 1971 earthquake to demonstrate the validity of superposition when there is a complex source.
Hawaii, - County of, Chapter 22 Flood Hazard Control, adopted May 1982, 8 pp. (FL).
Excerpt covers development and construction standards in flood and tsunami hazard areas; also FIRM map.
Heaton T.H., and S.H. Hartzell, Earthquake Hazards on the Cascadia Subduction Zone, Science, Vol. 236., pp. 162-168, June 1987 (FL).
Compares the Cascadia with other zones, the extent of coupling (friction) and whether seismic, locked or unlocked, historical evidence, hypothetical tsunami events, rupture process, ground motions and tsunami hazards; sand deposits may be evidence for prehistoric tsunami.*
Hebenstreit and Murty, Tsunami Amplitudes from Local Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America, Part 1: The Outer Coast Marine Geodesy, Vol. 13, pp. 101-146, Sept. 1989 (FL, RB), also full paper 98p. .
Tsunami amplitudes that will result at the coasts of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, from assumed major earthquakes in the off-shore Cascadia subduction zone . Seismology of the area, history of tsunami; Computer models used to estimate wave height from hypothetical earthquakes and bottom uplifts . Seismology of off-shore zones is discussed; found that entire coast is at risk but that effects diminished away from source.
Henry, R.F., Automated Programming of Explicit Shallow Water Models, Part 1, Can. Tech. Report of Hydrography & Ocean Sciences, No. 3, 1982. (IOS)
Improvements to the mathematical modeling of tsunami waves.
Henshaw, Russell, P. Eng., Process Hazards Management; An Industry Approach to Safety. The B.C. Professional Engineer, December 1994, 3 pp. (FL)
Land-based and marine industrial processes in areas subject to tsunami flooding would benefit from this systematic approach to the safety aspects of the design and operation .
Herd, Darrell G., et al The Great Tumaco, Columbia, Earthquake of 12 December 1979. Science Vol. 211, 30 Jan 1981. 5 pp. (FL)*
R.Mag. 8 earthquake was centred 80 km off shore, 33 km deep, in a gap that had had no earthquake since 1906. This event was forecast by Kelleher, based an a more recent progression up the coast. Severe tsunami followed, killing 220 people; also coastal settlement and liquefaction.
Hodgson, Ernest A., British Columbia Earthquake June 23, 1946, Journal Royal Astronomical Soc. of Canada, Vol. XL, No. 8, 34 pp. and 40 photos, October, 1946 (RB).
Describes tsunami at Alberni Canal plus details of all damage due to this M7.4 earthquake (largest earthquake recorded on Vancouver Island). Damage to buildings was minor; numerous slides in lakes and off coast; one fatality from small submarine-slide-generated wave.
Holden, B.J., Coastal Environment and Coastal Construction, A Discussion Paper, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, B.C., illustrated, 98 pp., 1987 (FL).
A discussion of coastal flood construction levels and setbacks, natural boundaries, wave data, hazard lands, bluffs.*
--------, Tsunami Flood Levels Port Alberni, British Columbia, A Discussion Paper. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia. 37 pp. 1995. (FL).
An analysis of tide- gauge records from the 1964 tsunami and the subsequent reports. The tsunami waves are combined with tide and storm surge and compared with riverine, coastal and natural boundary conditions; there is a need for different regulatory levels for critical and non-critical structures; elevations are recommended.
Horikawa, K., and N. Shuto, Tsunami Disasters and Protection Measures in Japan, in Tsunamis- Their Science and Engineering, Terra Pub. 1983, pp. 9-21,(IOS).
Firstly; describes damage caused by tsunamis, primary and secondary, also boat damage related to wave height. Secondly; several approaches to recurrence period of tsunamis. Thirdly; tsunami counter-measures.
Houston, J.R., Type 19 Flood Insurance Study, Tsunami Predictions for Southern California, US Army Corps of Engineers for US Federal Insurance Administration, 1980 (RB, LL).
Calculations of tsunami elevations due to distant sources, 100-year and 500-year basis, math. modeling combining tsunami of different intensity from different sources with astronomical tides impacting at 240 coastal locations.
------- and Carver, R.D. and Markle, D.G., Tsunami-Wave Elevation Frequency of Occurrence for the Hawaiian Islands, Hyd. Lab. US Army Eng. Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, Miss., USA, Tech. Report H-77-16, 1977, 106 pp. (ML).
An investigation to establish frequency of occurrence curves for tsunami elevations for Hawaiian Islands, using a finite element model to supplement historical data for the ten largest tsunami 1837-1976, required for the FEMA study. Noted that the three largest tsunamis generated in the Aleutian-Alaskan area since 1788, occurred in 1946, 1957, and 1964, with no significant tsunami during 1837 through 1945. Importance of grid size in relation to wavelength and water depth. 1:100 years elevations are calculated. Wave heights predicted for coastlines. Risk calculated.*
------- and A.W. Garcia, Type 16 Flood Insurance Study (West Coast of US), US Federal Insurance Agency, December 1978 (LL, RB).
Numerical models and run-up predictions; see 1980 Type 19 study for revised modeling.
------- and A.W. Garcia, Tsunami Run-up Predictions for Southern California, (commentary by T.S. Murty in Bull. 198) 1976 (ML).
Commentary on the mathematical modeling.
Iida, K., Activity of Tsunamagenic Earthquakes around the Pacific. Proc. Int. Symp. Sidney B.C., pp. 1-6, 1985. (FL).
An investigation of 385 tsunamis in the period 1900-1983, divided into 11 regions. Earthquake magnitude and focal depth are compared, also tsunami height frequency related to earthquake magnitude. Occurrence of large tsunamagenic earthquakes in South America,(where earthquake records go back to 16th. cent. AD), show periodicity of seismic and tsunamagenic events.
Iida, K., and T.Iwasaki, Tsunamis- Their Science and Engineering, Terra Scientific Publishing, Tokyo, 563 pp. 1983, (IOS)
Published papers of the 1981 Proceedings of the Int. Tsunami Symp. in Japan. Historical studies, structural defenses and run-up are featured.
Ingles, O.G., Statistics and Probability: The Engineer-Client Interaction Problem in Proc. ICASP5 - 5th Int. Conf. on Stats. and Prob. in Soil and Struct. Eng., U.B.C., Vancouver, B.C., pp. 12-23, 1987 (FL).
Research and professional dissemination of the risk inherent in engineering work is well advanced, but the public and client-related aspect is not. Problems of definitions, the value of life, insufficient data, inference, supervision; some possible solutions are suggested.
Ito, Yoshiyuki, On the effect of Tsunami Breakwater in Coastal Engineering in Japan, Vol. 13, pp. 89-102, 1970 (FL).
Several ports in Japan have anti-tsunami breakwaters to reduce energy or water level in the basin. The performance of the Ofunato system was observed during the May 1968 tsunami and is compared to the design method.
Jordaan, I.J., Risk and Safety Assessment for Arctic Offshore Projects, from Proc. 2nd Ann. MIT Sea Grant College Program, MIT Cambridge, Mass., USA pp. 81-88, 1983 (FL).
Risk analysis is a systematic procedure requiring estimation of probabilities and an analysis of consequences of the event. Practical guides for dealing with the problems of risk are discussed.
Kajiura, Kinjiro, Height Distribution of the Tsunami generated by the Nihonkai-Chubu Japan Sea Central Region) Earthquake, in Proc. Int. Tsunami Symp., Sidney, B.C., pp. 103-106, 1985 (FL).
Extensive observations were made of run-up heights during this event. Results were analyzed and compared with local submarine and shoreline topography. It was noted that tsunami run-up height on land and the distance of horizontal inundation change drastically depending on the local topography on land, terrain slope and degree of roughness. (This is not well resolved in the framework of an assumed numerical model.) Local risk analysis should take these variabilities into account.*
Kanamori, H., and Kikuchi, M., The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake, a slow tsunami earthquake associated with subducted sediments, Nature Vol 361, 25 February 1993 pp. 714-716.
Some earthquakes cause much larger tsunami than might be expected from the size of the seismic event; the authors discuss possible reasons, e.g. the subduction of sediment, and how the large tsunami might be predicted.*
Kowalik, Z. and Murty, T.S., Numerical Simulation of Two-dimensional Tsunami Run-up, pre-publication version 1993.
An investigation of the action of the tsunami at the shoreline based on the topography of the Port Alberni inlet, Vancouver Island. A variety of run-up models were analyzed, a numerical model was devised and tested against observations from the 1964 tsunami, with reasonable agreement. By incorporating a fine grid high-resolution numerical model of the flood-dry area of the Somass River valley, the authors have improved the prediction of previous studies.
-------, On Some Future Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean in Natural Hazards Vol. 1, pp. 349-369, Kluwer Academic Pub., 1989. (RB)
Modeling of tsunamis assuming origins at Shumagin Gap and St. Augustine volcano (Cook Island). Prediction of Shumagin source event based on 50-year cycle. Prediction of direction of maximum amplitude in a south and southeasterly direction, thus superseding the Seaconsult Report. Discussion of the directivity of tsunami energy distribution.
-------, and Murty, T.S., Numerical Simulation of Two-dimensional Tsunami run-up (pre-publication version), 1993
State-of-the -art mathematical model of Alberni Inlet, includes loss of energy due to run-up at shoreline discontinuity. The predicted wave shape more closely describes the 1964 Alaska event than previous studies.
Koyama. J. and Suzuki, Z., Extreme Values of Tsunami Magnitudes, Proc. Int. Tsunami Symp. 1985, Sidney, B.C., pp. 150-160 (FL).
Global earthquake-magnitude data (Ms) for 1130 major earthquakes for the period 1897 to 1980 are statistically analyzed for extreme values and hence the magnitude of the largest possible earthquakes. The maximum value of earthquake magnitudes is closely related to the size of earthquake sources. The largest tsunami magnitude ever registered in each seismic region is a good measure for a tsunami hazard reduction program. The 1964 Alaska earthquake was exceptionally large, beyond the statistical estimations for the Aleutian-Alaska region, based on 74 recorded earthquakes. The tsunami was also unexpectedly large.
Kusler, John A, Regulation of Flood Hazard Areas to Reduce Flood Losses, Natural Hazards Research & Applications Inf. Centre, University of Colorado, 1982
Comprehensive review of progress in regulation, with a detailed discussion of the legal aspects of regulation.
Lander, J.F. and Lockridge, P.A., United States Tsunamis, 1609-1988, US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, 1989 170 pp. (FL).*
Description of tsunamis, warning system, stilling well problems, sources of records, tabulation of tsunami with data on origin (seismic event) and effects of each tsunami.
Lander, J.F., P.A. Lockridge and M.J. Kozuch, Tsunamis affecting the West Coast of the United States, 1806-1992. United States Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Nat. Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Col. USA. 1993, 242 pp. (ML, CQOC)
An update of the 1989 work by Lander and Lockridge. The text and pictures provide an excellent description of the tsunami hazard experience in a part of the Pacific Rim where waves have been of moderate height and there are the benefits of a warning system. The authors have examined much original source material and improved the quality of records; new material has been added.
Lee, L.T., J.D. Chrostowski and R Eguchi, Natural Hazards; Storm Surge Riverine Flooding, Tsunami Loss Models, (J.H. Wiggens Company) for the National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, US Dept. of Commerce. 1978, 214 pp. M.L.
Hazard, exposure and vulnerability are described and mathematically modeled and then combined to describe the hazard as $ per annum loss.
Lee and Olsen, Barrier Island Legislation in Rhode Island, in Preventing Coastal Flood Disasters, Assoc. of State Floodplain Managers, Wisconsin, Assoc. of State Floodplain Managers, 1983 (FL, ML).
Coastal hazard protection may have little permanence in major storms. This should be part of legislation and design.
Letyens, Anthony, Determining Acceptable Risk Levels, Risk Management Magazine, October 1993, 2 pp.*
Risks may not have been identified, or have been assumed to be so small as to be neglected, or all the consequences may not have been evaluated, or the financial resources necessary for recovery may not have been anticipated. Risk management follows from a determination to survive the disaster. Defines risk management, (securing the survival of the operation), dealing with the unacceptable, risk reduction, economy; contingency plans.
Lind, Niels C., J.S.Nathwani and E. Siddall, Managing Risks in the Public Interest. Pub. Institute for Risk Research, Univ. of Waterloo, Ont. Canada, 1991
Proposes a framework for managing risk from technology; intended to enhance openness and accountability; options, benefits and risks inherent in any course of action and for judging what levels of safety expenditures are appropriate in the public interest.*
Lockridge, Patricia A., Historical Tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, in Natural and Man-Made Hazards, Reidel Pub., pp. 171-181, 1988 (ML).
An analysis of the historical records of tsunami for each of ten regions in the Pacific Basin. Parameters described are region, tectonic areas, event date, run-up, magnitude, damage, deaths, etc.
Long, A.J., and I. Shennan, Sea-Level changes in Washington and Oregon and the Earthquake Deformation Cycle. in Journal of Coastal Research, Vol 10, No 4 , pp. 825-838, (FL)
Stratigraphic evidence of subsidence and tsunamis on the north-west coast of North America has been interpreted as due to subduction earthquakes from the submergence of the Juan de Fuca plate. The authors have compared this evidence to similar shoreline displacement around the British Isles, which has not been ascribed to seismic action; there is a need for more rigorous testing of the seismic theory.
Lowry, K. and N.H. Okamura, Closing the Implementation Gaps in the National Coastal Zone Management Program, in Coastal Zone 83 Conference, 1983 (RB, FL).
Federal legislation, state implementation; diverse natural resources and local government; slow progress in achieving program objectives. Authority and enforcement, state legislation giving control over coastal management and county control in Hawaii. Useful discussion of the problem of devolution of responsibility and authority.
Luzier, J.M., The Land Developer's Perspective on Flood Hazard Mitigation, in Preventing Coastal Flood Disasters, Assoc. of State Floodplain Managers, Wisconsin, 1983 (FL, ML).
The accuracy of Base Flood Elevations. Changes to elevations due to impact of waves in coastal zones.
Mader, C.L., Numerical Tsunami Flooding Study in Science of Tsunami Hazard, Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1990, 7 pp. (FL).
Describes modeling of tsunami waves on beaches. Uses the SWAN and ZUNI methods to study the effect of tsunami period, amplitude, bottom slope angle and friction (using Chezy coeff.) on tsunami shoaling and flooding. Compares with the Bretschneider model using Manning coeffs. Interaction of rundown with second and third wave can be modeled. Stresses the importance of estimating friction.
Madin, Ian, Seismic Hazards on the Oregon Coast in Good, J.W., and Ridlington, Sandra S. Coastal Public Policy , pub. Oregon
Sea Grant, Oregon State University, 162 pp. 1992 (FL)
A discussion of the buried marsh layer theory of pre-historical seismic events, in relation to the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate. Other papers in this book (from the 1992 Newport conference) describe erosion and deposition on this very active coast.*
Manson, Connie J., Tsunamis on the Pacific Coast of Washington State and Adjacent Areas- An Annotated Bibliography and Directory, pub. Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources, 1994 18 pp.*
A broad range of tsunami aspects are covered; of particular interest are items covering episodic tectonic subsidence which may have coincided with tsunamis (in Washington and Oregon); also Directory, by names and organizations working on tsunami hazards.*
Marshall, Macklin, Monaghan (MMM Study), Development Management in Tsunami Hazard Areas of Port Alberni, 1986, (FL).
Locally important study with physical modeling of parts of Port Alberni; B.C. areas affected by flooding and current for 100- and 200-year events; current and future uses within the affected areas. This is the type of study recommended for OCP and zoning revision as well as consideration of major barrier works, internal drainage and emergency planning. Reviews legislative and administrative practice, examines options for action. Master Plan for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris, 1987, 32 pp. (FL). Describes the extent and nature of tsunami damage, the need for and how warning systems function and a Master Plan.
McCrae, A. and Reid Crowther, et al., Development Feasibility Study, Lugrin Creek Area, 1978 (FL).
A study of riverine flooding potential in the Alberni-Port Alberni B.C. area, but found that tsunami is a bigger threat. Analysis of tsunami risk by A. McCrae.
McCulloch, D.S., Evaluating Tsunami Potential, in Ziony, J.I., Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360, US Govt. Printing Office, Wash. DC, 39 pp. 1985
A very thorough non-mathematical description of tsunamis; generation, propagation and run-up, including landslide and slump-operated tsunami. Discusses the potential for tsunami in Southern California, (distant and locally generated) and the warning, mapping, relationship to FEMA insurance and public awareness problems.*
McLaren, Patrick, Tsunami Impact Mapping for the West Coast of Vancouver Island (unsolicited proposal), GeoSea Consulting, Victoria, B.C., 1986 (FL).
(Impact - meaning environmental, recreational, demographic and cultural factors. Identifies the geographic distribution and degree of severity of impacts resulting from a tsunami impinging the shoreline.)
Miller, G., Tsunamis and Tides, University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA, 120 pp. 1964 (IOS).
Compares harmonically forced steady-state tides and impulsively generated decaying tsunamis, spectra, fluctuations in decay curves.
Miller, C.D., Identification of Coastal High Hazard Areas, in Preventing Coastal Flood Disasters, Assoc. of State Floodplain Managers, Wisconsin, 1983 (FL, ML).
Wave-height study methods, surge, barrier islands.
Morgan, G.C., et al., Evaluating Total Risk to Communities from Large Debris Flows, Geo Hazards 92, pp. 225-236, 1992 (FL).
A discussion of the public perception of risk from major geologic hazards, also applicable to tsunamis.*
Munich Reinsurance Co. of Canada, A study of the Economic Impact of a Severe Earthquake in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, pub. Munich Reinsurance, Toronto, Ont. 1992, 98 pp. (L. Hughes)
Scenario assumes a 7.5 R Mag earthquake. depth at 20 km or a 6.5 M at 10 km in the Straits of Georgia; estimates damage from direct and indirect earthquake damage. expects that there will be no tsunami wave from this event. Detailed analysis of economic damage.
Murty, Dr.T, Commentary on Garcia & Houston in Murty, Bulletin 198, pp. 195, 1976 (RB, ML).
Explanation of math. used in modeling for Southern California.
-------, Dynamic Similarities and Differences between Storm Surges and Tsunami, in Storm Surges, Observation & Modeling, China Press, 1987, pp. 3 - 17 (IOS).
Compares the modeling for storm surges and tsunami waves, (both long gravity waves); propagation, boundary conditions, interaction with tides. Topographic resonance more important for tsunami, but storm surges far more destructive.
-------, Marine Hazards: in Proc. of Geologic Hazards in B.C., conference 1991, Victoria, B.C. (FL).
A general update on the tsunami risk, studies, modeling for B.C.
-------, Seismic Sea-Waves, Tsunami, Bulletin 198 of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 337 pp., 1977 (ML, parts in RB).
Complete book on tsunami; generation, propagation, coastal action, global tsunamis, warning systems; seismology - a thorough general dissertation on world-wide events.
------, Storm Surges, Meteorological Ocean Tides, Canada, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 212, 1984 897 pp. (ML).
A full discussion of this important natural phenomenon, which has been responsible for great loss of life, especially in the Bay of Bengal, the North Sea and Florida; rare on the west coast of Canada and the United States
-------, Tsunami Threat to the British Columbia Coast, Proc. of Geologic Hazards Conference, 1992, Vancouver, B.C. (FL).
Reviews past studies by Dunbar, Ng, covering the impact of distant and near-shore seismic events. He also discusses his current work with Kowalik, refining estimates for the Alberni Canal. Need to combine tsunami with tides.
-------, and Boilard, L., The Tsunami in the Alberni Inlet Caused by the Alaska Earthquake, Proceedings of Int. Symposium on Tsunami, 1969 (IOS).
The role of local resonance in the Alberni inlet; spectral analyses of several tidal-gauge records on the west coast of Canada to determine the energy in various frequency ranges. Estimates 1.1 foot additional height of water from a traveling storm, using Rao (1969); the effects of a breakwater are examined.
------, and Brown, R.E., The Submarine Slide of 27 April, 1975 in Kitimat Inlet and the Water Waves that Accompanied the Slide.
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C.. PMS Report No. 79-11, 36 pp. 1979 (FL)
A very complete description of the submarine slide and the resulting waves, (one reached 8.2m) ,the damage, the relationship of the slide to the tidal stage, a comparison with other world-wide slides, analytical theory, asymptotic theory, laboratory experiments and references. Several photographs (one of the actual wave from a seaplane) as well as maps. This has been the largest submarine slide event studied in B.C..
Myles, Douglas, The Great Waves, McGraw Hill, 1985 (IOS).
Written in a popular style, this book has extensive information on tsunami; the geology, tectonics, history, major tsunami records, and warning systems. An excellent introduction to the awesome force of these waves.
Naik, H., and D. Bjonbock, Role of Disaster Assistance in Floodplain Management, Emergency Preparedness Canada, Oct.-Dec. 1988 (FL).
A review of disaster assistance policy in Canada, statistics, costs, efficiency, equity.*
Nakamura, Shigehisa, A Note on Numerical Evaluation of Tsunami Threats by Simple Hydrodynamic and Stochastic Models Referring to Historical Descriptions, Bul. Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., Vol. 37, Part 1, No. 322, March 1987, 18 pp. (FL).
Historical damage maps show how tsunami affected Tanabe and Shirahama in Japan, for 1707, 1854, 1946 and 1960 (source off Chile). Historical records date back to 684 A.D. This information is combined with numerical modeling to predict wave heights for long-term planning of protective works. Important to combine historical and numerical information for best predictions.
National Flood Insurance Act, FEMA, USA, Federal Regulations, 1968 (RB).
Legal basis for floodplain management in USA, subsequently amended.
National Flood Proofing Committee, (US Army Corps of Engineers) Flood Proofing, How to Evaluate Your Options, pub. Flood Plain Management Services, US Army Corps of Engineers, Wash. DC 41 pp. 1993 (FL)
How floodproofing can reduce flood damage to buildings; factors that should be considered; a description of the various floodproofing methods; the characteristics of flood situations; how to use a floodplain map; the evaluation of floodproofing as a viable option; the economic analysis of options; worksheet and forms for analysis; case studies.
National Research Council (Canada), Canadian Coastal Conference 1990. Short Course Notes, Kingston, Ont., NRC-31503, 97 pp. (FL).
Papers on Coastal Management, experiences, lessons and needs.
Natural Hazards Society, NHS Newsletter, International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Dr. V.R.Nerella, Editor, I.C.E. Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa (FL)
Reports on conferences, meetings, news and views, announcements.
New England-New York Coastal Zone Task Force, Developing Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Coast Flood Plain Management(FL)
This is the Executive Summary, 61 pp. There are also 6 chapters of Technical Appendix on Coastal Site Selection and Development.
Ng, Max Kin-Fat, Assessment of Tsunami Hazards on the British Columbia Coast due to a Local Megathrust Subduction Earthquake, 125 pp., pre-publication M.Sc., thesis, University of British Columbia, January 1990 (FL, RB).
Earthquake potential in the Pacific Northwest, west of Vancouver Island; hypothetical earthquake and resulting tsunami on west coast of Vancouver Island and Strait of Georgia.
Ng, K. Max, P.H. LeBlond and T.S. Murty, Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Amplitudes on the Coast of British Columbia due to Local Earthquakes, 30 pp., Dept. of Oceanography of UBC, and Inst. of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., 1990 (FL).
Seismology of off-shore plates. Math. modeling of waves from hypothetical event. Potential for major damage.
Obee, Bruce, Canadian Geographical Magazine, Feb./March 1989 (FL).
General interest, illustrates tsunami damage.
Okal, Emile A., Predicting Large Tsunami, Nature, Vol 361, 25 Feb. 1993 2 pp.
Discusses Kanamori and Kikuchi (q.v.); the discrepancy between tsunami magnitude and Richter scale for some tsunami;
Oswalt, D. and N. Coenan, Evaluating the Oregon Coastal Management Program in Coastal Zone 83, Symp. on Coastal & Ocean Management, American Shore and Beach Preservation Association and California State Lands Commission, 1983 (RB, FL).
The assessment of and need for revisions to the OCMP, difficulties in implementation. Maintaining active support for the program is important.
Oregon State, Oregon's Statewide Planning Goals, Land Conservation and Development Commission, 24 pp., 1990 (FL).
Describes 19 goals that form the statewide planning program; includes estuarine, coastal shorelands, beaches and dunes and ocean resources. Each Goal is detailed and analyzed.
--------Oregon's Statewide Planning Program and Planning Goals, State Land Conservation and Development Commission, 1986 (RB, FL).
Description of legislation re land use planning for floodplains and coastal zones.
Oregon Sea Grant, Coastal Natural Hazards, see Madin, Ian*
Pack, R.T., Morgan, G.C., and Anderson, L.R., Philosophy of Landslide Risk Evaluation and Acceptance in Proc. ICASP5 - 5th Int. Conf. on Stats. and Prob. in Soil and Struct. Eng., U.B.C., Vancouver, B.C., 1987, pp. 947 -952.
The analysis of landslide risk should involve risk identification, evaluation, acceptance and mitigation. The evaluation should cover trigger, failure, exposure and consequences. Judgment can and should be supported by such an analysis. Voluntary and involuntary risk levels are compared.
Papadimitriou, E.E., Long-Term Earthquake Prediction in the North Pacific Seismic Zone Based on the Time and Magnitude Predictable Model in Natural Hazards ( 303-321), 1994, Pub. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 18 pp. 1993, (FL)*.
The author has assembled records of seismic events in this region and developed predictions for the size and time between events of each of 12 subsections. Compares the time-predictable model (time interval between shocks depends on the size of the preceding event) and the slip-predictable model (the longer the quiet period is, the larger the earthquake that follows). discusses rupture characteristics of these zones.
Papadopoulos, Gerassimos A., On some problems about testing Stochastic Models of the Earthquake Time Series, Natural Hazards 7; 99-108, 1993,
Detection of a submarine seismic disturbance may lead to issuing a tsunami warning, depending on the history of events in the area. The statistical analysis of events which do not have a regular (e.g. annual) pattern requires that a time interval be selected; (assuming that there is a relationship between the seismic magnitude and the tsunami magnitude). The seismic time series can also be used to predict the frequency of future seismic events. There are problems in such time series, e.g. should after-shocks (a dependent event) be a separate event; also discusses the size of the lower magnitude threshold, (which influences the counting interval and the percentage error of the sample).*
Pararas-Carayannis, G., Tsunami Hazard and Design of Coastal Structures, in Proc. 15th Coastal Eng. Conf., 1976, pp. 2248-53, Am. Soc. Civil Eng. (IOS).
Damage to coastal structures can occur by hydrostatic and dynamic pressures, foundation failure, overtopping and flooding. Reliable prediction of the tsunami hazard is essential for design of structures and for hazard evaluation. A combination of theoretical, empirical and historical methods is used; high quality studies are expensive and normally only justified for major projects. runup, terminal velocity and periodicity are important parameters for structures. frequency analysis of historical events is a useful analytical tool for the study of tsunami.
--------, The Tsunami Impact in Society, in Tsunamis, their Science and Engineering, pub. Terra Scientific Publishing Co. Tokyo. pp. 3-8 1983 (IOS)
Growth and development in Pacific coastal areas may result in greater devastation from future great tsunami. Survey of major historical disasters and hazard management. need to understand the hazard and regulate according to the tsunami risk potential. discusses hazard perception and credibility.
--------, An analysis of the Dispersive Characteristics of the 7 May 1986 Tsunami in Tsunami Newsletter, April 1987, Vol. XX, No. 1, Int. Ts. Info. Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1987, 5 pp. (FL).
As part of the tsunami warning system, it is expected that observation of wave height following a seismic event will enable prediction of wave height at a more distant point. In the 1986 event, the observed heights did not fit normal patterns. Dispersion is only one of the factors in final wave height; source mechanism and energy are also important.
-------, Risk Assessment of the Tsunami Hazard in Natural and Man-Made Hazards, D. Reidal, pp. 171-181, 1988 (LL).
Provides guidelines and methodology needed for the evaluation of the tsunami risk in terms of frequency of occurrence and severity of impact, discusses preparedness and planning for hazard mitigation. Historical studies and modeling can lead to better definition of hazard zones.
Penning-Rowsell, Edmund C. et al., The Economics of Coastal Management Belhaven Press, London UK 380 pp. 1992. (LL).
Based on research by the UK min. of Ag. Fisheries and Food, is intended to aid and improve appraisal, (identification, quantification and evaluation) and decision making in policies and proposals relating to coastal flooding and erosion. (Poor appraisal has resulted in unwise investment). Explains benefit-cost analysis and its limitations , also the results of research which produced the data and techniques and provides a range of methods that can be used to assess projects. Collection of data requires a long lead-time; importance of identification of all project options; the choice of the most favourable of these feasible options is aided by a benefit-cost analysis.*
Petak, W.J., and A.A. Atkisson, Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Springer Verlag, 489 pp., 1982 (ML).
A comprehensive analysis of risk assessment and response to natural hazard risk. How policy can focus on the unexpected; assessing risk and mitigation; natural hazard policy, planning and administration, policy alternatives; recommended for those involved in policy development.*
Platt, R.H., Local Government Liability Regarding Coastal Hazards, Assoc. of State Floodplain Managers, Wisconsin, 1983.
Issues and doctrines re flood related damage.
Pond, S. and G.L. Pickard, Introductory Dynamical Oceanography, Pergamon Press, 1983, 329 pp. (FL).
Textbook for understanding tides and sea waves, relationship to tsunami, measurement and prediction of water levels, resonance in bays and estuaries.
Preisendorfer, Rudolf, Recent Tsunami Theory, (development of mathematical analysis), Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Honolulu, 1971 (IOS).
Recent developments (to 1971) are discussed. The five main phases of the development of the tsunami are described with mathematical modeling. These are: generation and uniform propagation, scattering and diffraction, guiding, trapping, radiation oscillation and resonances, shoaling, breaking and run-up. Covers the decade 1960 -1970, during which there was a marked increase in sophistication of modeling
Preuss, Dr. J., Planning for Risk: Comprehensive Planning for Tsunami Hazard Areas, Urban Regional Research, 1988, 246 pp. (FL).
Deep water characteristics of tsunami are fairly well understood, however, the near shore and dry land effects are much less certain. Risk assessment involves a study of historical damage patterns, risk reduction methods and a risk management program, e.g.. warning and evacuation systems and mitigation and maintenance.
Preuss, Dr. J., and G.T. Hebenstreit, Integrated Hazard Assessment for a Coastal Community, Grays Harbor, Wash., USA, Urban Regional Research, Seattle, Wash., 36 pp., 1990 (IOS).
The tsunami flood can be expected to initiate a series of damage events, including fire and toxic/hazardous release. The zone of vulnerability and secondary hazards should be identified for a complete risk management plan. At this site, tsunami and high river levels are combined with winter storm and tide elevations. A near-shore event may also result in soil compaction and settlement, resulting in lower land elevations and, consequently, worse flooding as well as road, rail and dyke failures. Low water elevations due to tsunami may weaken dykes.*
-------, Land Management in Tsunami Hazard Zones, Urban Regional Research, 1982, 258 pp. (FL).
Very useful material re: planning. Compares practice in different communities, starting with State and Regional planning. Detailed discussion of the site planning process using Kauii, Hilo and Kodiak as examples. Combines urban planning, risk management and an introduction to tsunami hazard zone identification.
-------, Land Management Guidelines for Tsunami Hazard Zones. in Tsunamis-Their Science and Engineering, Terra Scientific Pub., Tokyo, pp. 527-539, 1983 (IOS)
A summary of the book-length report (op. cit. 1982), describes how the response to the tsunami hazard is integrated into the comprehensive planning process; the range of practical and responsive solutions to land use regulations, at the regional or coastal sector scale and also at the individual site. Performance standards combine safety with socio-economic objectives, e.g.. height limits, and objectives include ability to withstand surge, drag, or impact forces. Even though a plan is needed for each site, there is an interdependency of all the performance criteria.
Preuss, Jane, Coastal High Hazard Mitigation - Comprehensive Planning for Areas Vulnerable to Tsunamis, in Proc. Floodplain Managers, 1987 (RB).
Secondary causes of damage such as fire, loss of ground support, floating objects, etc., may be more important than direct water damage. All these risks should be planned for.
Prior, David B., et al, Morphology of a Submarine Slide, Kitimat Arm, British Columbia, Geology vol. 10, p. 588-592, Nov. 1982 (FL)*.
Side-scan sonar describes the bottom features produced by the 1975 slide at the head of Kitimat Arm (from which there was severe damage from a 8.2m tsunami). This is the tsunami event of record for Kitimat. (Also see Golder Assoc., 1975 , also Murty and Brown 1979.)
Proceedings (held at MELP Library)
Proceedings of 8th An. Conf. Baltimore, Maryland, 1982, of the Coastal Society, 479 pp. (ML).
Papers on the investigation and management of coastal and estuarine areas.
Proceedings on (National) conference on Organizing and Managing the Coastal Zone, 1973, Annapolis, Maryland, (ML).
Papers on intergovernmental aspects, management process, uses of the Coastal zone, state and federal needs and resources.
Proceedings of the 3rd National conference on Coastal Zone Management, 1975 (ML).
Presentations and proceedings.
Proceedings, Marine Society, Los Angeles Region, Coastal Zone Management Conf., 1973 (ML).
Coastal Zone legislation, coastal technology, recreation, regulation, land use.
Proceedings of the 12th An. Conf. Assn. of State Floodplain Managers at Nashville, Tenn. 1988 (ML).
Papers on floodplain and coastal zone management.
Procedures for Conduct of Flood Insurance Studies of Communities on the Southern California Coast, Building Research Advisory Board, NAS, 1978 (FL, RB).
Concerns severe storm-induced surges and flooding in Southern California. Discussion of methodology for statistically combining tsunami with astronomical tide.
Proceedings viewed at IOS Library (Sidney, B.C.)
Proceedings Int. Symp. on Tsunamis and Tsunami Research at Univ. of Hawaii, 1969, W.M. Adams, editor, 513 pp., 1970 (IOS).
34 papers covering seismic source and energy transfer, instrumentation, propagation and run-up, and general reports on tsunami research.
Proceedings Tsunami Symposium Canberra, Australia 1979, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia and I.O. Comm., 284 pp. (IOS).
14 papers on modeling, warning systems.
Proceedings International Tsunami Symposium, Tsunamis, Their Science and Engineering, at Sendai-Ofunato-Kamaishi, Japan, 1981, Terra Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo (IOS).
39 papers on tsunami impact, source, statistical studies, generation and propagation, topographic effects, sea walls and breakwaters, and run-up.
Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium, Sidney, B.C., 1985, Murty and Rapatz ed., 323 pp. (IOS).
59 papers and abstracts on generation, propagation, warning systems, wave forces, run-up, coastal response and energy loss.
Pugh, D.T., Tides, Surges and Mean Sea-Level, Wiley, 1987, 472 pp. (IOS).
A handbook for engineers and scientists. Chapter on estimating probability of extreme values. Hurricanes and tsunami are too rare to permit the calculation of reliable probabilities. A better method is to model the tsunami with tidal variation, for the point of interest.
Rapatz, W., Tsunami, re Seaconsult report, Victoria Times-Colonist, June 7, 1988 (FL).
figures of height and current speed given for head of inlet should be multiplied by 0.7 , (also see Murty, 1992).
Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain Management, Proc. of 11th Annual Conference of the Assn. of State Floodplain Managers, 1987 (FL).
Includes a variety of papers on Floodplain Management.
Reese, Lymon C. and Hudson Matlock, Structural Damage from Tsunami at Hilo, Hawaii, (1960) Journal of Hyd. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. July 1968 24 pp. (FL)*
The 1960 Chile tsunami caused major damage to Hilo, where the bay causes bore-type waves (in this case about 3 to 4 m above ground level). Damage estimated at $20m (1964); discussion of bore formation, velocity estimates, description of damage; good illustrations and detail. Shielding from damage (heavy buildings protected light, but open ground not effective in reducing damage), type of construction, (even heavy timber type buildings were severely damaged); heavy steel type survived; monolithic r-conc, survived. In some cases the failure of light construction allowed the main structure to survive; where the building was raised on stilts or fill a smaller area was exposed to the wave and the building survived; debris may increase or reduce the damage; analysis of structural elements to estimate loads; design recommendations.
Regulating Floodplain Development, a Handbook for Local Officials, Floodplain Management Division, Dept. of Community Planning, Dept. of Community Affairs, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1978 (FL).
How communities are to fit into the National Flood Insurance Program. Includes state and federal regulations, bylaws, permits and procedures.
Regulation of Flood Hazard Areas to Reduce Flood Losses, US Water Resources Council, Vol. 2, parts V-VI, 389 pp., 1973 (FL, RB {parts}).
A very complete discussion of techniques and legal aspects of flood hazard areas; model ordinances, permits, etc. Includes Hawaii shoreline setback regulation.
Reilly, F.V., NFIP - Individual Risk Rating for Coastal Areas, Natural Hazards Research Applications Info. Centre Sp. Pub. #7, University of Colorado, 1983 (RB, FL).
Buildings in coastal V-zones are subject to damage due to wave action and foundation erosion as well as simple flooding. How to evaluate risk. High velocity water can also be expected in tsunami hazard areas.
Research Advisory Council, Surviving the Storm, Building Codes, Compliance and the Mitigation of Hurricane Damage, 1989 (FL).
Importance of Building Codes and Compliance.
Rogers, G.C., Megathrust potential of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, Can. Jour. Earth Sciences, June 1988, 31 pp. (FL).
The Cascadia zone is west of Vancouver Island. A major seismic event could cause a devastating tsunami. The geology of the zone is compared with other young zones. The possibility of large seismic events is discussed.
Russell, S.O. Denis, Engineering Decisions and Natural Hazards, Geo-Hazards 1992 Symposium, Vancouver, B.C., BiTech Publishers, pp. 220-224 (FL).
Compares decision-making by engineers and scientists in natural hazard problems. Decision-theory should supplement, not replace the engineering approach.
Satake, K. and Hiro Kanamori, Use of Tsunami Waveforms for Earthquake Source Study, in Natural Hazards 4, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 193-208, 1991 (ML).
A comparison of earthquake source processes using information from tidal gauge records and seismic records. also compares tidal gauge records for the 1983 Japan Sea tsunami with observations; discussion of discrepancy; analysis of gauge records; value of gauge records in the study of historical tsunami.*
Saxena, N.K. and Murty, T.S., Tsunami Research - a Review and New Concepts, in Natural and Man-Made Hazards, D. Reidel, pp. 163 - 170, 1988.
A deficiency in the tsunami warning system is that tsunami cannot be predicted as to size. False alarms are costly. Observations of the deep water passage of the wave are needed. Bathymetric data is inadequate, resulting in inaccurate travel-time charts. Problem of tsunami generation from local earthquakes; expects major Shumagin Gap tsunami to be strongly directional towards Hawaii; discusses directivity.
Science of Tsunami Hazards, International Journal of the Tsunami Society, Dr. T.S. Murty, Technical Editor, 1990 (FL).
Records of current tsunami and response with technical papers. e.g.. from Vol. 8, No. 2.
1. Tsunami Travel time Charts for the Caribbean.
2. Numerical Tsunami Flooding Study (Mader).
3. Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Amplitudes on the Coast of B.C. due to Local Earthquakes (Ng, LeBlond, and Murty).
Each of these articles have matters of interest. Others are cited by author in this bibliography.
Seaconsult Marine Research Ltd. (D. Dunbar, P. LeBlond, D. Hodgins), Evaluation of Tsunami Levels Along the British Columbia Coast, Dept. of Fisheries & Oceans, Sidney, B.C., 1988 (FL).
Important mathematical modeling study; assumes several distant seismic sources to compute maximum tsunami water levels and currents along the outer B.C. coast, based on seismic sources in Alaska (same as the 1964 event , also 25% larger), from Chile, the Aleutian Islands (Shumagin) and Kamchatka. Each of these sources is modeled to arrive at 185 key locations on the coast, showing where and from which source direction the risk is highest. Compared with historical records, results tend to exaggerate wave height of 2nd and 3rd waves. Only modeling for most of coast, except Port Alberni. Distributed as summary to MELP regional offices and affected communities. Superseded in part, by Kowalik 1989.
Seismic Risk in B.C., Brief to the B.C. Government, Assn. of Professional Engineers of B.C., 1988, 27 pp. (FL).
Increasing knowledge of the seismic risk in B.C. and the nature of the expected damage both primary and secondary (e.g.. tsunamis, fires) points to the need for active preparation rather than just response.
Seismological Society of America, Seismological Research Letters Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 24-26.
Report on tsunami session at 89th. Annual Society meeting. Abstracts of 12 papers on a variety on seismic-tsunami subjects.
Seismological Society of America, Seismological Research Letters, Volume 65 No. 1 January -March, 1994 3 pp. (FL)*
Abstracts of 12 papers presented at the Society meeting in April 1994.
Papers discuss the mechanism of the Nicaragua (1992), Flores (1992) , Hokkaido (1993), Kamchatka (1993) tsunamis ; also the importance of landslides, deriving source characteristics from run-up data and a report on a physical model experiment on run-up at a circular island.
Shuto, Nobuo, Summary of Effect and Limit of Tsunami Control Forest, Dept. of Civil Eng., Tohoku Univ. Japan, in Proc. In. Ts. Symp. 1985, pp. 221 - 224 (FL).
Shoreline planting has been used as a protective device against tsunami, to reduce velocity and depth, however these same trees may also become damaging debris in the event of a very large wave.
Smyth, W.W.K., Lecture Notes, Tsunami & Alluvial Fans 1983, MELP (FL).
Text and projection transparencies for lectures.
Soloviev, S.L. and Go, Ch.N., Catalogue of Tsunamis on the Eastern Shore of the Pacific Ocean, Nanka Publishing House, Moscow, USSR 204 pp., 1974, Can. Trans. 1984, Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 5078 (FL).
Contains descriptions of about 600 tsunami and related phenomena, observed on the northern and western coasts of the Pacific Ocean; locations, intensities and locations of the seismic event foci. Sources for the descriptions are listed and primary seismic sources identified for each event. A companion volume covers the Western Shore, including the Alaska-Aleutian area.
Spaeth, Mark G., and, Saul C Berkman., The Tsunami of March 28, 1964 as Recorded at Tide Stations, C&GS 33, US Dept. of Commerce, 86 pp., 1967 (RB and IOS).
Description of the event and its impact with copies of every tidal gauge record of this event.
A Status Report on the Nations Floodplain Management Activity, Inter-agency Task Force on Floodplain Management, USA, 400 pp., 1989 (FL).
Very complete account of progress and problems.
Talandier, J., French Polynesia, Tsunami Warning Center in Natural Hazards 7: 237-256, Kluwer, 1993.
Describes and justifies the method used by this warning centre, based on 17 tsunamis since 1958. Short and long period detection devices determine the epicentre and the seismic moment Mm (which has been statistically related to the tsunami height )and triggers the tsunami warning and prediction.*
Tetra Tech Inc., Methodology for Computing Coastal Flood Statistics in Southern California, for FEMA, 1980 (FL).
66 pp. plus extensive bibliography; an important source for all coastal hazards; (tsunami generally not significant in Southern California).
Thompson, W.B. and W.G. Van Dorn, Coastal Response to Tsunamis, Proc. Int. Tsunami Symp., Sidney, B.C., pp. 254-264, 1985 (FL).
Analysis of tide gauge records reveals that tsunami response is largely dominated by coastal topography, rather than by the initial tsunami energy spectrum.*
Thomson, R.E., Oceanography of the British Columbia Coast, Federal Dept. of Fisheries & Oceans, Canada, 1981 (ML, part RB).
Clearly written, comprehensive, 7 pp. on tsunami, good introduction.
Tiedmann, Herbert, Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, a Handbook on Risk Assessment, Pub. Swiss Reinsurance Company, Zurich, 951 pp. (ILL)*
A major work on the risks associated with seismic and tsunami hazards. A detailed analysis of every aspect of earthquake occurrence and prediction, leading to the section on tsunami. Written for insurance appraisal, the book covers risk to building contents, construction, marine etc. Excellent quality maps and illustrations.
Times Colonist, (newspaper at Victoria, B.C., Canada, formerly the Colonist)
The Colonist of June 21st. 1896 , p 5 reports an observation of a tsunami on the west coast of Vancouver Island; this was from the Great Sanriku earthquake (Japan, June 15th.). This is the earliest known record in British Columbia.
Togashi, Hiroyoshi, Study on Tsunami Run-up and Countermeasure, Ph.D. Thesis, Nagasaki Univ., Japan, 1981, 275 pp. (part FL).
Detailed analytical and experimental study of tsunami land run-up. The design of harbour breakwaters and land dykes for damage reduction. Wave action, foreword and reverse overflow, reflection and harbour resonance as applied to such structures. Describes operation of local structures and historical experience of run-up.
Tsuji, Yoshinobio, Comparison of Observed and Numerically Calculated Heights of the 1983 Japan Sea Tsunami, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Proc. Int. Tsunami Symp., 1985, pp. 41- 50 (ML).
Loss of life (100), injuries (324) and property damage were caused by the 1983 Japan Sea tsunami. There were measurements of inundation heights at over 600 points on the coast. Modeling and observations were compared to justify simplification of seabed deformation and amplification estimates and choice of grid size for mathematical modelling.*
Tsunami Newsletter, International Tsunami Information Centre, Vol. XX, No. 2, December 1987 (FL).
1. Describes an earthquake of Richter 7.5 in the Gulf of Alaska, with minor damage; probably because there was normal rather than subduction faulting.
2. Report on the 11th Conference on Tsunami Warning, Beijing, national reports from countries, Seaconsult Study reported. (Additional Tsunami Newsletters have been produced.)
Tsunami Newsletter, International Tsunami Information Centre, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, July 1990 (FL).
1. Report on the 14th International Tsunami Symposium, Novosibirsk, USSR, papers on generation, propagation coastal effect, observations, seismic and tectonics, hazard mitigation, 1989. (Emphasis on how the waves interact with the shore and with obstacles on the shore.)
2. Problem of extreme tsunami wave height for nuclear power stations.
Tsunami Risk, brochure, Provincial Emergency Program, B.C. Ministry of Solicitor General (FL).
For public distribution. Describes potential for damage and emergency response.
Tsunami Video, VHS, K. Jackson, Information Services Branch, B.C. Environment, 23 minutes, produced by Shane Lunny Productions, for the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and the Ministry of Attorney General, Dec. 1987 (FL).Prepared by Ministry, based on 1964 Port Alberni event.
Tsunami Warning Plan, B.C. Provincial Emergency Program, Ministry of Solicitor General, October, 1990 (FL).
Binder containing information on warning system, message formats, etc. Underwriters, National Board of, The Alaska Earthquake, published by the N.B.F.U. and the Pacific Fire Rating Bureau 1964, 35 pp. (FL)
Illustrated booklet describing earthquake and tsunami damage due to the 1964 event.
United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, The Tsunami of September 1992 in Nicaragua and its Effects on Development. Pub United Nations, 37 pp.. 1992.
The R.Mag 7.0 (Sept. 1 1992) caused a tsunami which impacted 250 km. of the Pacific coast. with serious damage and loss of life. Assessment of damage and guidelines for action. Epicentre was about 120 km offshore, shallow depth and submarine landslides caused waves 8-15m high., warning ineffective. no previous experience with tsunamis (seismic gap with no record of tsunamis for 100 years); analysis of all types of damage.
US Dept. of Commerce, Annotated Bibliography of Tsunamis (1836 -1948), by Marcial P. Cuellar, for the Corps. of Engineers, Washington, DC, 69 pp., 1953, (LL).
195 annotated entries with an index of geographic names and authors. The frequency of entries for the Aleutians, Arica (S. America), Chile, Hawaiian Islands (26 entries) and Japan (47 entries) are a measure of the serious nature of this natural hazard to those areas.
The study of tsunamis was related to seismic events; breakages of undersea cables were frequently noted as an indication of submarine slides. The Lagrange formula (V=ûgH) was used in the 1856 report of the US Coast Survey with marigram data to determine the average velocity of propagation across the Pacific. Many centuries of tsunami in Japan provided material for study by scholars of learned societies and earthquake institutions using theoretical and physical modeling methods to investigate tsunami generation and propagation and harbour oscillations. Following the 1946 disaster and the confidence in time-of-travel prediction, the Pacific Warning System was developed. This bibliography provides a history of the early study of tsunami. Subsequent major developments have been the use of computers and the application of the tectonic plate theory.
US Geological Survey, Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region, 1985, see Ziony, J.I.*
-------, Coast & Geodetic Survey, Tsunami!, The Story of the Seismic Sea-Wave Warning System 1965, 46 pp. (IOS).
Illustrated booklet for general distribution. Numerous photographs and sketches as background to the seismic warning system. Reprints actual messages sent in 1964 re: Alaska event. Good dramatic educational material. Importance of local organization and warning system.
-------, (Nat. Oceanic & Atmos. Admin.) Tsunami! The Great Waves 1975, 19 pp. (FL).
Booklet with good illustrations describes seismic and tsunami waves in relation to the warning system.
-------, (Nat. Geophysical Data Center) Natural Hazards Photograph Catalog Doc. No. 20, Boulder, Col. 1984, 97 pp. (FL).
Historical photographs are indexed by date with brief description; covers earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes; some photos reproduced; slides of photos can be ordered.
US Dept. of Commerce, United States Tsunamis 1690 - 1988, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Col., 1989, 265 pp. (LL, excerpts RB).
An important part of risk assessment is the understanding of the effects of past tsunamis. Building on past catalogues, the authors have assembled all that is known and rated sources by a validity scale. Problems with standard time and calendar make it difficult to match historical tsunamis with seismic events. Comprehensive description of tsunamis, causes, seiches, illustrations, maps, etc. (also see Lockridge).
Video Tapes:
1) C.B.C., Damage at Crescent City, California, 1964;
2) Tsunami video, prepared for Prov. of British Columbia by MELP and MAG;
also 3) Japanese video, showing tsunami waves during the Sea of Japan tsunami. English version, NHK Productions, 1983, 49 minutes, available at Emergency Preparedness, Canada, in Victoria, B.C..
Virginia, Commonwealth of, and US Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk, Virginia, Flood Proofing Options for Virginia Homeowners, pub. Com. of Virginia, Dept. of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, 54 pp. illustrated, 1993. (FL).
Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of floodproofing; relationship to insurance costs, how to estimate potential damage to a home; frequent reminders of the trauma experienced by those who have been flooded.
Wade, Rodney, Floodplain, A 7-part series in the Alberni Valley Times Dec 11-17 1979. (FL).
A very complete description of the history of floodplain regulation in the Alberni-Port Alberni area; eyewitness descriptions of the 1964 tsunami.
Wakefield, J., Surprisingly Destructive Tsunamis Challenge Conventional Wisdom, Eos, (American Geophysical Union), July 19 1994. 2 pp.
In the past 2 years there have been 4 modest sized earthquakes that have produced tsunamis that are much larger than would be predicted by mathematical models. Limited data is one problem, source motion was unclear and assumptions may have been wrong. There are implications for warning and evacuation.*
Washington State, Washington Coastal Currents, Newsletter from Washington State Dept. of Ecology.
General Information on coastal problems.
White, W.R.H., The Alaska Earthquake - Its Effect in Canada Canadian Geographical Journal, June 1966, pp. 210 - 219 (FL).
Illustrated report of damage from 1964 event in B.C.; map shows extent of flooding in Alberni-Port Alberni. Primary source for damage. Mr. White was a staff member at the Dom. Astro. Observatory, Victoria.
Whitmore, Paul M., Expected Tsunami Amplitudes and Currents along the North American Coast for Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes in Natural Hazards 8, 59-73, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 14 pp. 1993
Describes modeling tsunami and currents due to large earthquakes at three different Cascadia sources, assuming reflection at the shore-line (i.e. no runup, also no land slides or secondary effects). Discusses how the zone might rupture. Tsunami amplitudes are predicted for 131 sites, including Tofino, San Josef Bay and Cape Scott on Vancouver Island.*
Wiegel, R.L., Oceanographical Engineering, Prentice Hall Inc., 532 pp., 1964, (FL Holden).
Textbook; good description of 1960 (Chile) tsunami and earlier (book is pre-1964 Alaska tsunami); also oscillations in harbours.*
Wigen, S.O., The Tsunami of May 22, 1960, West Coast of Canada, Canadian Hydrographic service, 3 pp. with diagrams (IOS).
Tide records and observations (e.g.. at Shields Bay). Some damage reported from this event.
--------, Tsunamis, B.C. Professional Engineer, January 1981, pp. 6 - 8 (FL).
Summary of history of tsunami and damage, illustrated. Recommends public education, warning, evacuation.
-------, Tsunami Hazard Evaluation on the Canadian West Coast, Proc. Int. Tsunami Symp., Sidney, B.C., 1985, pp. 126-132 (FL).
The tidal gauges at Tofino and Langara are part of the Pacific Warning System. Records of historical tsunami are compared to the final threat to the community. Information on which to base an evacuation is needed before the wave reaches these stations. The maximum wave may arrive several hours later.*
-------, Tsunami Frequency at Tofino and Port Alberni, March 79 , report to MELP. (RB, WMD No. 2771).
(Mr. Wigen was tsunami advisor to IOS.) 21 tsunamis were identified for Tofino and 6 for Port Alberni with statistical correlation. Analysis by Allan McCrae, P.Eng.; comparison with other Pacific locations.
-------, Tsunami Threat to Port Alberni prepared for A.M. McCrae and Reid Crowther Ltd., Feb. 1977, 39 pp. (FL).
Tabulation of tsunami records for Tofino and Port Alberni. Prepared for Lugrin Creek Study, (op cit). Discusses forecasting based on historical records. Lists 114 earthquakes of Richter 7.5 to 8.6, by source area, since 1900. Tidal charts examined for tsunami at Tofino and Port Alberni. Relationship between max. wave heights at Tofino and Port Alberni. Warns against extrapolating frequency of occurrence. Near-shore event, Richter 6.7, in 1976 did not cause a tsunami at Tofino.
-------, Historical Study of Tsunamis at Tofino, Canada from Tsunamis - Their Science and Engineering, Terra Scientific Publishing, Tokyo, 1983, 16 pp. (FL).
A search (in 1981) of 1500 tsunamigenic events recorded during 75 years revealed 43 tsunami at Tofino, ranging from 6 cm to 240 cm. Events are tabulated and seismic sources shown on maps. Recurrence frequency is logarithmic.
------- and W.R.H. White, Tsunami of March 27-29, 1964 West Coast of Canada, Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys, 6 pp., August, 1964 (RB, FL).
Primary source for damage, wave heights from 1964 tsunami.
Wilson, Basil W., Generation and Dispersion Characteristics of Tsunamis, Studies in Oceanography, 1964, pp. 413-444 (IOS).
Describes the causes of major tsunamis, type of seabed movement, magnitude of earthquake, extent of earth movement and period. Illustrations of wave forms, relationship to ground displacement, focal depth, fault length, earthquake magnitude; of historical interest.*
------- and Torum, A., The Tsunami of the Alaskan Earthquake, 1964: Engineering Evaluation, US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Eng. Res. Centre, Tech. Mem. No. 45, 1968, 400 pp. (FL).
A very complete , fully illustrated and detailed technical and eye-witness description of the sea bed movements, wave mechanisms and damage from this major seismic event, both local (Alaska) and distant. Land and underwater slides as well as local seiches caused damage and local tsunami, (e.g.. at Valdez). At Whittier, the damage was caused by seismic shock, submarine landslides, waves, fracturing and compaction of fill and unconsolidated sediments, fire and a 5.3 ft. subsidence of the land. The movement of the land about 50 ft. south-east would have influenced the size of the wave in that direction, i.e. towards British Columbia. Discusses possible seismic triggering effect of sun-moon orientation (earth-tide) and marine tide. Analysis of water velocity vs. wave height, (e.g. velocity need to overturn a locomotive). Discussion of run-up and bores. The horizontal and vertical movement of the land at the area of seismic disturbance confused observations. Emphasis on nature and reason for damage, locally and at all West Coast USA and New Zealand. Shows why emergency response is so difficult.*
Wisconsin, State of, Dept. of Natural Resources Model Floodplain and Shoreland - Wetland Zoning Ordinance for Cities and Villages, March, 1987 (FL).
Standards for regulating floodplain development.
---------Wisconsin's Floodplain Management Program, Dept. of Natural Resources, Ch. NR 116, 1986 (FL).
Regulations for establishing and for the use of floodplains; Lakes Superior and Michigan are important. Guide for local zoning officials and local government.
--------Floodplain Shoreland Management Program, Handbook for Local Officials, Dept. of Nat. Res., Wisconsin, 1982 (FL).
Describes V-zone, coastal high hazard area, substantial improvement, Federal (FEMA) regulations, Section 60.
Yeh, Harry H., Tsunami Bore Run-up, Natural Hazards 4, Kluwer Academic Pub., pp. 209-220, (ML).
Tsunami waves sometimes break offshore and form bores near the shoreline, causing significant structural damage due to the velocity and turbulence. Because of the loss of energy due to turbulence, the maximum run-up height of the tsunami bore is significantly lower than the equivalent unbroken tsunami run-up. The author explores this phenomenon by controlled lab experiments.*
Ziony J.I., Evaluating Tsunami Potential in the Los Angeles Region see McCulloch, D.S., Evaluating Tsunami Potential
Zirul, M.L., Preliminary Report on City of Alberni Flood Protection, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, WMD, Reports Library, No. 1212, Dept. of Lands, Forests & Water Resources, October 1964(ML).
Includes discussion of tsunami threat (as well as riverine)
The following entries apply to SUBMARINE SLIDES
Clague, John, J. Harper, R. Hebda and D. Howes, Late Quaternary sea levels and crustal movements, coastal British Columbia in Geology v.10 p 588-592, Nov. 1982.
Land elevations at the coast of mainland British Columbia, Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands have all been subject to change due to post-glacial (isostatic) rebound, tectonic uplift and sea level changes due to the melted ice (eustatic) . Radio-carbon dating with other observations has dated some deposits, At Kitimat, the change in elevation is as much as 200 m. and Prince Rupert is higher by 13m in elevation. Deposit of marine sand over cultural remains in a cave may have been due to a tsunami.
Golder Associates, Report on Investigation of Seawave at Kitimat B.C. (on April 27, 1975), with maps, June 1975 (FL).
A large (3 million yd3.) landslide caused a tsunami in Douglas Channel resulting in damage to a dock. The wave height was 25 ft. (7.6 m) at Kitimat Village; this is still the tsunami event of record for Kitimat.
Hamilton, T.S. and S.O.Wigen. The Foreslope Hills of the Fraser Delta; Implications for Tsunamis in Georgia Strait, Geological Survey of Canada, No. 30886, Sidney, B.C.; in Science of Tsunami Hazards, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1987 (FL).
A major slide on one of these underwater slopes on the face of the Fraser Delta could cause a tsunami in Georgia Strait., affecting dyked areas such as Richmond. This source is unlike the more normal tectonic plate seismic event that has caused most historical tsunami.
Hodgson, Ernest A., British Columbia Earthquake June 23, 1946, Journal Royal Astronomical Soc. of Canada, Vol. XL, No. 8, 34 pp. and 40 photos, October, 1946 (RB).
Describes tsunami at Alberni Canal plus details of all damage due to this M7.4 earthquake. (largest recorded on Vancouver Island) Damage to buildings was minor; numerous slides in lakes and off coast; one fatality from small slide-generated wave.
McCulloch, D.S., Evaluating Tsunami Potential, in Ziony, J.I., Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360, US Govt. Printing Office, Wash. DC, 39 pp. 1985
A very thorough non-mathematical description of tsunamis; generation, propagation and run-up, including landslide and slump-operated tsunami. Discusses the potential for tsunami in Southern California, (distant and locally generated) and the warning, mapping, relationship to FEMA insurance and public awareness problems.*
Murty, Dr. T., and Brown, R.E., The Submarine Slide of 27 April, 1975 in Kitimat Inlet and the Water Waves that Accompanied the Slide. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C.. PMS Report No. 79-11, 36 pp. 1979 (FL)
A very complete description of this submarine slide and the resulting waves, (one reached 8.2m), the damage, the relationship of the slide to the tidal stage, a comparison with other world-wide slides, analytical theory, asymptotic theory, laboratory experiments and references. Several photographs (one of the actual wave from a seaplane) as well as maps. This has been the largest submarine slide event studied in B.C.
Ng, Max Kin-Fat, Assessment of Tsunami Hazards on the British Columbia Coast due to a Local Megathrust Subduction Earthquake, 125 pp., pre-publication M.Sc., thesis, University of British Columbia, January 1990 (FL, RB).
Earthquake potential in the Pacific Northwest, west of Vancouver Island; hypothetical earthquake and resulting tsunami on west coast of Vancouver Island and Strait of Georgia.
Prior, David B. et al Morphology of a submarine slide, Kitimat Arm, British Columbia, Geology, v 10, pp. 588-592, Nov. 1982.
Side-scan radar yielded high resolution imagery of the sea bed at the site of a major submarine slide in 1975.
US Dept. of Commerce, Annotated Bibliography of Tsunamis (1836 -1948), by Marcial P. Cuellar, for the Corps. of Engineers, Washington, DC, 69 pp., 1953, (LL).
195 annotated entries with an index of geographic names and authors. The frequency of entries for the Aleutians, Arica (S. America), Chile, Hawaiian Islands (26 entries) and Japan (47 entries) are a measure of the serious nature of this natural hazard to those areas. The study of tsunamis was related to seismic events; breakages to undersea cables were frequently noted as an indication of submarine slides. The Lagrange formula (V=ûgH) was used in the report of the US Coast Survey with marigram data to determine the average velocity of propagation across the Pacific. Many centuries of tsunami in Japan provided material for study by scholars of learned societies and earthquake institutions using theoretical and physical modeling methods to investigate tsunami generation and propagation and harbour oscillations. Following the 1946 disaster and the confidence in time-of-travel prediction, the Pacific Warning System was developed. This bibliography provides a history of the early study of tsunami. Subsequent major developments have been the use of computers and the application of the tectonic plate theory.
Waller, Roger M., Effects of the Earthquake of March 27, 1964 in the Homer Area, Alaska, Pub. US Geological Survey (Professional Paper 542-d) 28 pp. 1966
A description for this community of the damage caused by land mass subsidence, earth flows, landslides, seiche waves, and submarine slides resulting from the earthquake in the Homer area, Alaska, 1964. Seismic damage to the community was light in comparison with that of other communities closer to the epicenter. One submarine landslide, however, took out most of the harbour breakwater. coincident with slumping of the spit.
D.P. Barlow September 1995
Tsunami Annotated Bibliography D.P. Barlow
Addendum (note that the following entries are not in Version 3 dated January 1995 1994)
Darienzo, Mark E., Curt Peterson and Charles Clough, Stratigraphic Evidence for Great Subduction-Zone Earthquakes at Four Estuaries in Northern Oregon, USA Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 10 4. pp. 850-876 1994 (FL)
The four estuaries have buried peat and sand lenses , evidence of seismic disturbances and post seismic tsunamis. At least six great earthquakes were documented in the last 3,000 years, originating in the Cascadia subduction zone. This paper describes in detail the methods used to investigate and analyze the evidence.
Fryer, Gerard, The Most Dangerous Wave, in The Sciences, July August, 1995. 6 pp.*
The April 1946 tsunami, as witnessed at Hamakua Coast, Hawaii, caused numerous deaths because of ignorance, description of the characteristics of tsunami waves that make their behavior so different from storm waves; the problems of prediction based on seismic detection; discusses tsunami earthquakes.
Holden, Brendan, Tsunami Flood Levels Port Alberni, British Columbia, A Discussion Paper. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia. 37 pp. 1995. (FL).
An analysis of tide- gauge records from the 1964 tsunami and the subsequent reports. The tsunami waves are combined with tide and storm surge and compared with riverine, coastal and natural boundary conditions; there is a need for different regulatory levels for critical and non-critical structures; elevations are recommended.
Long, A.J., and I. Shennan, Sea-Level changes in Washington and Oregon and the Earthquake Deformation Cycle. in Journal of Coastal Research, Vol 10, No 4 , pp. 825-838, (FL)
Stratigraphic evidence of subsidence and tsunamis on the north-west coast of North America has been interpreted as due to subduction earthquakes from the submergence of the Juan de Fuca plate. The authors have compared this evidence to similar shoreline displacement around the British Isles, which has not been ascribed to seismic action; there is a need for more rigorous testing of the seismic theory.
Contact Us: E-Mail: Water.Stewardship@gov.bc.ca
|
